Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21106532]
Leukocyte cell-cell adhesion is a complex process that is tightly regulated by a variety of mechanisms. This process is essential for the proper function of the immune system, as it allows leukocytes to migrate to sites of inflammation and infection, where they can carry out their immune functions.
The regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion is controlled by a delicate balance of factors, including:
1. **Expression and activation of adhesion molecules:** Leukocytes express a variety of adhesion molecules on their surface, including selectins, integrins, and immunoglobulin superfamily members. These molecules bind to complementary ligands on endothelial cells and other leukocytes, facilitating cell-cell interactions. The expression and activation of these molecules are tightly regulated, ensuring that leukocytes only adhere to the appropriate cells at the appropriate time.
2. **Chemokines and cytokines:** These soluble mediators play a crucial role in regulating leukocyte adhesion. Chemokines attract leukocytes to specific locations, while cytokines promote the expression and activation of adhesion molecules. This coordinated action helps to direct leukocytes to sites of inflammation and infection.
3. **Mechanical forces:** The physical forces experienced by leukocytes, such as shear stress from blood flow, also influence adhesion. For example, high shear stress can promote the activation of integrins, increasing their affinity for their ligands and enhancing adhesion.
4. **Cellular signaling pathways:** Complex signaling pathways within leukocytes regulate adhesion molecule expression, activation, and interaction. These pathways are activated by a variety of stimuli, including chemokines, cytokines, and mechanical forces. They involve a cascade of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to changes in adhesion molecule expression and function.
5. **Regulation of adhesion molecule expression and function:** The expression and function of adhesion molecules can be tightly regulated through a variety of mechanisms, including:
* **Transcriptional regulation:** The expression of adhesion molecule genes can be regulated at the transcriptional level by various transcription factors.
* **Post-translational modification:** Adhesion molecules can undergo post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation, which can alter their function.
* **Shedding:** Some adhesion molecules can be shed from the cell surface, effectively reducing their ability to mediate adhesion.
6. **Regulation of adhesion molecule clustering:** The clustering of adhesion molecules on the cell surface is important for strengthening cell-cell interactions. This clustering can be regulated by a variety of mechanisms, including:
* **Ligand binding:** Binding to their ligands can induce clustering of adhesion molecules.
* **Cytoskeletal interactions:** Adhesion molecules can interact with the cytoskeleton, which helps to stabilize and promote their clustering.
In summary, the regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion is a complex and tightly controlled process involving a variety of mechanisms. This regulation is essential for the proper function of the immune system, allowing leukocytes to migrate to sites of inflammation and infection and carry out their immune functions.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase 9 | A 4-galactosyl-N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase 9 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y231] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 7 | An alpha-(1,3)-fucosyltransferase 7 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q11130] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid | 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives. | dihydroxybenzoic acid | human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
protocatechuic acid | 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4. protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
gallic acid | gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid. | trihydroxybenzoic acid | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
beta-resorcylic acid | beta-resorcylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | ||
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid | 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin | dihydroxybenzoic acid | EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite |
veratric acid | 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3. veratric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | benzoic acids | allergen; plant metabolite |
methyl gallate | methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum | gallate ester | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite |
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid | 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid : A benzoic acid derivative carrying 3-, 4- and 5-methoxy substituents. 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | benzoic acids; methoxybenzenes | human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
syringic acid | syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid. syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source | benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols | plant metabolite |
epigallocatechin gallate | (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin. epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis) | flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
guanosine diphosphate | Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor |
guanosine triphosphate | Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor |