neural crest cell migration involved in autonomic nervous system development

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in autonomic nervous system development. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]

Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a transient population of multipotent cells that arise from the dorsal neural tube during embryonic development. These cells play a crucial role in the formation of various tissues and organs, including the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS controls involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration. NCCs migrate extensively from their origin in the neural tube to reach their final destinations, where they differentiate into various cell types, including neurons, glia, and chromaffin cells.

The migration of NCCs to form the ANS involves a complex interplay of molecular and cellular mechanisms. These mechanisms include:

**1. Induction and specification:** NCCs are induced by signaling molecules from the surrounding tissues, including the neural tube and the ectoderm. These signals activate specific transcription factors that determine the fate of NCCs, directing them towards an autonomic lineage.

**2. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT):** NCCs undergo a process of EMT, where they lose their epithelial characteristics and acquire mesenchymal properties. This transition allows them to detach from the neural tube and migrate individually.

**3. Cell migration:** Once detached, NCCs migrate along specific pathways guided by a combination of chemoattractants, chemo repellants, and cell-cell interactions. These pathways are defined by gradients of signaling molecules, such as netrin-1, Slit2, and Ephrins, which attract or repel migrating cells.

**4. Proliferation and differentiation:** As NCCs migrate, they proliferate and differentiate into various cell types. Some NCCs will become sympathetic neurons, which are responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response, while others will differentiate into parasympathetic neurons, which control "rest-and-digest" functions. NCCs also give rise to chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, which secrete hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline.

**5. Target recognition and innervation:** NCCs migrate to specific target organs, where they establish synaptic connections with their target cells. This process is mediated by cell adhesion molecules and neurotrophic factors that promote the survival and differentiation of neurons.

**6. Formation of ganglia:** NCCs aggregate at specific locations to form ganglia, which are clusters of neuronal cell bodies. These ganglia serve as relay stations for autonomic signals.

**7. Axon guidance and target innervation:** Axons from autonomic neurons grow and extend to their target organs, guided by specific cues in the environment. This process is regulated by a complex network of signaling molecules and cell-cell interactions.

**8. Functional maturation:** Once autonomic neurons reach their final destinations, they undergo functional maturation, acquiring the ability to release neurotransmitters and transmit signals to target organs.

The migration and differentiation of NCCs are essential for the development of a functional ANS. Disruptions in these processes can lead to various developmental defects, including congenital malformations of the heart, digestive system, and urinary tract. Understanding the mechanisms involved in NCC migration and ANS development is crucial for developing therapies for these disorders.'
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Compounds (3)