Target type: biologicalprocess
Uptake of hexoses, notably D-glucose, fructose, and galactose, into the blood by absorption from the small intestine. [GOC:hjd]
Intestinal hexose absorption is a complex process that involves the coordinated action of multiple proteins and transporters. It begins with the ingestion of dietary carbohydrates, which are broken down into monosaccharides, primarily glucose, fructose, and galactose, by enzymes in the mouth and stomach. Once these monosaccharides reach the small intestine, they are absorbed across the intestinal epithelium and into the bloodstream.
The absorption of glucose and galactose is mediated by the sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), which is located in the apical membrane of enterocytes. SGLT1 is a secondary active transporter that uses the electrochemical gradient of sodium to drive the uptake of glucose and galactose against their concentration gradient. As sodium ions move down their concentration gradient into the enterocyte, they bring with them a molecule of glucose or galactose.
The absorption of fructose is facilitated by the glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5), which is also located in the apical membrane of enterocytes. GLUT5 is a passive transporter that facilitates the movement of fructose across the membrane down its concentration gradient.
Once glucose, galactose, and fructose have been absorbed into the enterocyte, they are transported to the basolateral membrane, where they are released into the bloodstream via the glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). GLUT2 is a high-capacity transporter that facilitates the rapid efflux of monosaccharides from the enterocyte into the blood.
The absorption of hexoses is tightly regulated by a variety of factors, including the concentration of hexoses in the intestinal lumen, the activity of SGLT1 and GLUT5, and the rate of blood flow. These factors ensure that the absorption of hexoses is efficient and that the body receives an adequate supply of energy.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 | A sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P13866] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 | A sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P13866] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| phloretin | dihydrochalcones | antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite | |
| phlorhizin | aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative | antioxidant; plant metabolite | |
| vexibinol | sophoraflavanone G : A tetrahydroxyflavanone having a structure of naringenin bearing an additional hydroxyl substituent at position 2' as well as a (2R)-5-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hex-4-en-1-yl (lavandulyl) substituent at position 8'. vexibinol: flavanol from Sophora; structure in first source; RN given refers to (S-(R*,S*))-isomer | (2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; tetrahydroxyflavanone | antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| 2',4',6'-Trihydroxydihydrochalcone | chalcones | ||
| 2',4',6'-trihydroxychalcone | pinocembrin chalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2', 4' and 6' respectively. pinocembrin chalcone: isolated from Helichrysum trilineatum; structure in first source | chalcones | antifungal agent; plant metabolite |
| sergliflozin etabonate | sergliflozin: a hypoglycemic agent that inhibits SGLT2 sodium-glucose transporter; structure in first source | glycoside | |
| remogliflozin etabonate | remogliflozin etabonate: orally administered hypoglycemic agent; structure in first source | glycoside | |
| dapagliflozin | aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes | hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor | |
| ipragliflozin | glycoside | ||
| empagliflozin | aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether | hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor | |
| 1,5-anhydro-1-(5-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-2-methoxy-4-methylphenyl)-1-thioglucitol | diarylmethane | ||
| nothofagin | nothofagin: a dihydrochalcone | ||
| canagliflozin | canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2. | C-glycosyl compound; organofluorine compound; thiophenes | hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor |
| pf 04971729 | ertugliflozin: structure in first source | diarylmethane | |
| deberza | 2-benzofurans |