regulation of translation at postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the postsynapse. [GOC:dos]

Regulation of translation at the postsynapse is a crucial mechanism for modulating synaptic transmission, impacting neuronal plasticity and information processing. This intricate process involves a complex interplay of molecular players, including mRNA transcripts, translation factors, and signaling pathways.

Here's a detailed breakdown of the key events:

1. **mRNA Delivery and Localization:** mRNAs encoding synaptic proteins are actively transported from the cell body to the dendrites and synapses. This transport is often guided by specific zip code sequences within the mRNA and involves motor proteins associated with the cytoskeleton.

2. **Synaptic Targeting:** Upon reaching the postsynaptic compartment, mRNAs are localized to specific subcellular locations, such as the postsynaptic density (PSD), ensuring translation occurs in close proximity to the synapse.

3. **Regulation of Translation Initiation:** The initiation of translation is a tightly regulated step, involving the assembly of the ribosome on the mRNA and the recruitment of the initiator tRNA. This process is influenced by several factors:

* **Synaptic Activity:** Neurotransmitter release and the activation of postsynaptic receptors trigger signaling cascades that can directly influence translation initiation. For example, calcium influx can activate kinases like CaMKII, which phosphorylates and activates translation factors, promoting translation.

* **MicroRNAs (miRNAs):** miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that can bind to target mRNAs and inhibit their translation. Their expression can be regulated by synaptic activity, providing another level of control.

4. **Translation Elongation and Termination:** Once translation initiation is underway, the ribosome moves along the mRNA, synthesizing the protein. The efficiency of elongation and termination can also be modulated by signaling pathways activated by synaptic activity.

5. **Protein Folding and Degradation:** Newly synthesized proteins undergo folding into their correct three-dimensional structures. Proteins that are misfolded or no longer needed are targeted for degradation by cellular quality control mechanisms.

6. **Feedback Regulation:** The newly synthesized proteins can then participate in a feedback loop, influencing further synaptic activity and contributing to long-term changes in synaptic strength.

Overall, the regulation of translation at the postsynapse is a dynamic and multifaceted process that contributes significantly to the plasticity and adaptive capacity of neuronal circuits. It provides a mechanism for local and rapid changes in protein synthesis, allowing synapses to respond to specific stimuli and adjust their activity levels. This intricate interplay of molecular events is essential for learning, memory, and other cognitive functions.'
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Proteins (2)

Compounds (5)