Target type: biologicalprocess
A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADPH, to the oxidized form, NADP. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
NADPH oxidation is a crucial process in cellular metabolism, primarily occurring within the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum. It involves the transfer of electrons from NADPH to an electron acceptor, resulting in the oxidation of NADPH to NADP+ and the reduction of the electron acceptor. This process is essential for a wide range of biological functions, including:
* **Reductive biosynthesis:** NADPH provides reducing power for biosynthetic pathways, including fatty acid synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis, and nucleotide synthesis.
* **Detoxification:** NADPH is a primary electron donor for enzymes involved in detoxification processes, such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, which catalyze the oxidation of harmful compounds.
* **Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging:** NADPH is a crucial cofactor for enzymes that reduce ROS, such as glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase, preventing oxidative damage to cells.
* **Immune response:** NADPH plays a critical role in the production of reactive oxygen species by phagocytes, which are involved in the immune response against pathogens.
The oxidation of NADPH is catalyzed by various enzymes, including:
* **NADPH oxidases (NOXs):** This family of enzymes generates superoxide radicals (O2-) by transferring electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen. NOXs are involved in diverse cellular functions, including signaling, inflammation, and pathogen defense.
* **Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases:** These enzymes utilize NADPH to reduce oxygen and introduce oxygen atoms into various substrates, leading to their detoxification and metabolism.
* **Glutathione reductase:** This enzyme reduces oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to its reduced form (GSH) using NADPH. GSH is an important antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative stress.
The oxidation of NADPH is a tightly regulated process, ensuring a balance between NADPH and NADP+ levels, which is essential for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Dysregulation of NADPH oxidation can lead to various pathological conditions, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| NAD | An NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P15559] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4'-bromoflavone | 4'-bromoflavone: structure in first source | ||
| beta-naphthoflavone | beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone. beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308) | extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound | aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist |
| beta-lapachone | beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities. beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase | benzochromenone; orthoquinones | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite |
| vitamin k 3 | Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo. | 1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical |
| sulforaphane | sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen. sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L. | isothiocyanate; sulfoxide | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| c 1303 | C 1303: DNa-binding drug; structure given indicates that the cpd should be the dimethylamino cpd, but it is named as the diethylamino cpd | ||
| nsc 366140 | NSC 366140: a 9-methoxypyrazoloacridine; structure given in first source | ||
| 5-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-3-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)indole-4,7-dione | 5-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-3-((4-nitrophenoxy)methyl)indole-4,7-dione: structure in first source | ||
| bisantrene | |||
| 4,3',5'-tri-o-methylpiceatannol | |||
| memoquin | memoquin: structure in first source | ||
| dicumarol | Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases. | hydroxycoumarin | anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist |
| ethyl biscoumacetate | Ethyl Biscoumacetate: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. It has actions similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p226) | hydroxycoumarin | |
| nsc 158393 | NSC 158393: structure given in first source |