Page last updated: 2024-10-24

regulation of respiratory system process

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. [GOC:jl]

Regulation of respiratory system process is a complex and vital biological process that ensures the efficient delivery of oxygen to the body's tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide. This regulation involves a delicate interplay of neural, chemical, and mechanical factors, working together to maintain the optimal balance of gas exchange.

The nervous system plays a crucial role in regulating breathing. The respiratory center, located in the brainstem, controls the rate and depth of breathing. This center receives input from various sensory receptors, including chemoreceptors that monitor blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, and mechanoreceptors that detect changes in lung volume.

Chemical factors also contribute to respiratory regulation. Carbon dioxide, a byproduct of metabolism, is dissolved in blood, forming carbonic acid. This acid increases blood acidity, triggering chemoreceptors in the brainstem to increase the rate and depth of breathing, expelling more carbon dioxide and restoring blood pH balance. Oxygen levels also affect breathing, although to a lesser extent than carbon dioxide. Decreases in blood oxygen levels can stimulate chemoreceptors to increase ventilation, but this response is usually less pronounced.

Mechanical factors also play a role. The lungs themselves have stretch receptors that detect lung volume. As the lungs expand during inhalation, these receptors send signals to the brainstem, inhibiting further inspiration and promoting expiration. Conversely, as the lungs deflate during exhalation, the receptors become less active, allowing inspiration to resume.

These neural, chemical, and mechanical factors work together to regulate breathing rate and depth, ensuring adequate oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal. This regulation is essential for maintaining life, as even brief disruptions can lead to oxygen deprivation or carbon dioxide buildup, with potentially serious consequences for the body.
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Proteins (1)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTOAn alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9C0B1]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (15)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
citric acid, anhydrouscitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.

Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.
tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
malic acid2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.

malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.
2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
pyruvic acidpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.

Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
2-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acidlutidinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 2 and 4.pyridinedicarboxylic acid
d-glutamateD-alpha-amino acid;
glutamic acid
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glutamic acidglutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.

Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid
Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
d-lactic acid(R)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.2-hydroxypropanoic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
d-2-hydroxyglutarate(R)-2-hydroxyglutaric acid : The (R)-enantiomer of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.2-hydroxyglutaric acidalgal metabolite
alpha-hydroxyglutarate, (l)-isomer2-hydroxyglutaric acid
fumaric acidfumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.

fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters
butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline: a JmjC histone demethylase inhibitor; structure in first sourcequinolines
aconitic acidcis-aconitic acid : The cis-isomer of aconitic acid.aconitic acidfundamental metabolite
oxalylglycineN-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.

oxalylglycine: structure given in first source
amino dicarboxylic acid;
N-acylglycine
EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
entacaponeentacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.

entacapone: structure given in first source
2-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
fg-4592roxadustat : An N-acylglycine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of glycine with the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-7-phenoxyisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. It is an inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH).

roxadustat: structure in first source
aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
N-acylglycine
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.29 (hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor