Target type: biologicalprocess
The trafficking of synaptic vesicles from the pre-synaptic membrane so the vesicle can dock and prime for another round of exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. Recycling occurs after synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and is necessary to replenish presynaptic vesicle pools, sustain transmitter release and preserve the structural integrity of the presynaptic membrane. Recycling can occur following transient fusion with the presynaptic membrane (kiss and run), or via endocytosis of presynaptic membrane. [GOC:bf, GOC:pad, GOC:PARL, PMID:15217342, PMID:22026965, PMID:23245563]
Synaptic vesicle recycling is a fundamental process in neuronal communication, ensuring the continuous supply of synaptic vesicles for neurotransmitter release. It involves a series of intricate steps that dynamically reshape the presynaptic terminal.
The process begins with the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. This fusion event triggers the retrieval of the vesicle membrane, which is then internalized back into the presynaptic terminal.
There are two main pathways for vesicle recycling:
1. **Kiss-and-run:** This pathway involves a transient fusion event where the vesicle partially opens, releasing neurotransmitter, and then quickly reseals without fully merging with the plasma membrane. This pathway is thought to be faster and more efficient for maintaining high release rates.
2. **Clathrin-mediated endocytosis:** This pathway involves the formation of clathrin-coated pits at the presynaptic membrane, which engulf the vesicle membrane. The clathrin coat then detaches, allowing the vesicle to bud off and be recycled. This pathway is thought to be slower but more thorough, ensuring the complete recovery of the vesicle membrane.
Once internalized, recycled vesicles undergo a series of maturation steps to regain their proper size, shape, and neurotransmitter content. These steps involve the recruitment of specific proteins, including SNARE proteins, which are essential for vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release.
Synaptic vesicle recycling is tightly regulated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways, including calcium influx, phosphorylation events, and interactions with cytoskeletal elements. Disruptions in this process can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological conditions, highlighting the crucial role of vesicle recycling in neuronal function.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Protein Wnt-3a | A protein Wnt-3a that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P56704] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Phospholipase D2 | A phospholipase D2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O14939] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1-NA-PP1 | pyrazolopyrimidine | tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| raloxifene | raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. | 1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols | bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| 4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol | stilbenoid | ||
| halopemide | halopemide: structure | ||
| afimoxifene | afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen. | phenols; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite |
| 5-fluoro-2-indolyldeschlorohalopemide | benzimidazoles | ||
| N-[2-[4-(2-oxo-3H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxamide | naphthalenecarboxamide | ||
| vu0155069 | |||
| ml298 | |||
| ml299 | ML299: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source | ||
| CCT251545 | CCT251545 : A chloropyridine that is 3-chloropyridine substituted by a 1-oxo-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl group and a 4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl group at positions 4 and 5, respectively. It is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of Wnt signaling (IC50 = 5 nM) and a potent and selective chemical probe for cyclin-dependent kinases CDK8 and CDK19. CCT251545: a Wnt signaling inhibitor; structure in first source | azaspiro compound; chloropyridine; pyrazoles | antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; Wnt signalling inhibitor |
| xav939 | XAV939 : A thiopyranopyrimidine in which a 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine skeleton is substituted at C-4 by a hydroxy group and at C-2 by a para-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. XAV939: selectively inhibits beta-catenin-mediated transcription; structure in first source | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; thiopyranopyrimidine | tankyrase inhibitor |
| nvp-tnks656 |