melanosome organization
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a melanosome. A melanosome is a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. [GOC:vk]
Melanogenesis, the process of producing melanin pigment, involves intricate organization of melanosomes within melanocytes. These organelles are specialized lysosome-related vesicles that contain melanin, and their formation and distribution are tightly regulated to ensure proper pigmentation.
Melanogenesis begins with the synthesis of tyrosine, a precursor molecule, by the enzyme tyrosinase. Tyrosinase catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to DOPA, then to DOPAquinone, and finally to melanin. This occurs within specialized compartments within melanocytes called premelanosomes, which are initially small, spherical structures devoid of melanin.
The premelanosomes progressively mature into melanosomes, acquiring melanin through a series of stages. The first stage involves the assembly of fibrillar proteins, such as Pmel17, within the premelanosome lumen. These proteins form a matrix that serves as a scaffold for melanin deposition.
As melanin synthesis progresses, the premelanosome matures into a stage II melanosome, characterized by the presence of fibrillar melanin aggregates. These aggregates are initially small and dispersed but gradually coalesce into larger, denser structures.
Further melanin deposition leads to the formation of stage III melanosomes, which exhibit a dense, homogenous melanin matrix. These mature melanosomes are highly pigmented and are responsible for imparting color to skin, hair, and eyes.
The distribution of melanosomes within melanocytes is equally crucial. Melanocytes are typically located in the basal layer of the epidermis, the outermost layer of skin. From there, they extend dendrites, long, branching projections that reach into neighboring keratinocytes, the main cells of the epidermis.
The transport of melanosomes along these dendrites is facilitated by motor proteins and microtubules. This process ensures that melanosomes are effectively delivered to keratinocytes, where they provide protection against UV radiation.
The organization of melanosomes within melanocytes is a dynamic process that is influenced by various factors, including genetic predisposition, hormonal signaling, and environmental cues. Dysregulation of melanosome organization can lead to pigmentation disorders such as albinism, vitiligo, and melanoma.
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Proteins (2)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Beta-secretase 2 | A beta-secretase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y5Z0] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase | A 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y2I7] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (11)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| om99-2 | OM99-2: eight-residue memapsin 2 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| om00-3 | OM00-3: second-generation 8-residue memapsin 2 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| l 685458 | L 685458: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; structure in first source L-685,458 : A peptide and carboxamide that is L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide, L-Leu-L-Phe-NH2, which has been acylated on the N-terminus by a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene dipeptide isotere, 2R-benzyl-5S-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4R-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid. Compounds based on the structure of L-685,458 are potent inhibitors of gamma-secretase, which mediates the final catalytic step that generates the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), which assembles into the neurotoxic aggregates in the brains of sufferers of Alzheimer's disease. | carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; peptide; secondary alcohol | EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; peptidomimetic |
| vacuolin-1 | vacuolin-1: inhibits Ca2-dependent lysosomal exocytosis | ||
| ym 201636 | 6-amino-N-(3-(4-(4-morpholinyl)pyrido(3',2'-4,5)furo(3,2-d)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide: an antiviral agent; structure in first source | aromatic amide | |
| apilimod | |||
| gsk188909 | GSK188909: a potent and selective non-peptidic BACE-1 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| ly2811376 | |||
| azd3839 | AZD3839: a BACE1 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| ly2886721 | |||
| apy0201 | APY0201: a small molecular IL-12/23 inhibitor with pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine core; structure in first source |