Cajal-Retzius cell differentiation

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Cajal-Retzius cell, one of a transient population of pioneering neurons in the cerebral cortex. These cells are slender bipolar cells of the developing marginal zone. One feature of these cells in mammals is that they express the Reelin gene. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid]

Cajal-Retzius cells (CR cells) are a unique population of neurons found in the marginal zone of the developing cerebral cortex. They play crucial roles in cortical development, particularly in establishing the cortical layers and guiding neuronal migration. Their differentiation process involves several stages, each characterized by distinct molecular and cellular events:

1. **Specification:** CR cells originate from radial glial cells, the primary progenitors of the cerebral cortex. These glial cells express specific transcription factors, such as Pax6 and Tbr2, that initiate the lineage commitment towards CR cells.

2. **Migration:** Once specified, CR cells migrate from their birthplace in the ventricular zone to the marginal zone, the outermost layer of the developing cortex. This migration is guided by chemoattractant cues like Reelin, secreted by the CR cells themselves.

3. **Maturation and Functional Integration:** Upon reaching the marginal zone, CR cells undergo further maturation. They develop their characteristic morphology, characterized by a large, multipolar soma with a long, leading process extending towards the pial surface. They begin to express and secrete Reelin, which serves as a key signaling molecule for regulating neuronal migration, cortical lamination, and dendritic arborization.

4. **Synaptic Connectivity:** CR cells establish synaptic connections with other neurons in the developing cortex, including cortical neurons and thalamic neurons. These connections are crucial for coordinating the activity of various neuronal populations and ensuring proper cortical circuit formation.

5. **Apoptosis:** After completing their roles in cortical development, CR cells undergo programmed cell death, known as apoptosis. This process ensures the elimination of these transient cells and allows for the proper organization of the mature cortex.

The differentiation process of CR cells is tightly regulated by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, including transcription factors, signaling molecules, and cell-cell interactions. Disruptions in this process can lead to developmental abnormalities, such as cortical malformations and cognitive impairments.'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (22)