Page last updated: 2024-10-24

CTP biosynthetic process

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate. [ISBN:0198506732]

CTP biosynthesis is a crucial metabolic pathway that produces cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a vital nucleotide essential for various cellular processes, including DNA and RNA synthesis, signal transduction, and membrane biosynthesis. The biosynthesis of CTP involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert the precursor molecule UTP (uridine triphosphate) to CTP.

**Step 1: UTP to CTP Conversion**

The primary enzyme responsible for CTP biosynthesis is CTP synthetase. This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from glutamine to UTP, forming cytidine monophosphate (CMP). This reaction requires ATP and a divalent metal ion, usually Mg2+.

**Step 2: CMP Phosphorylation**

CMP is then sequentially phosphorylated by two kinases:

- CMP Kinase: This enzyme utilizes ATP to convert CMP to CDP (cytidine diphosphate).
- CDP Kinase: This enzyme uses ATP to further phosphorylate CDP, generating CTP.

**Step 3: Regulation of CTP Biosynthesis**

The activity of CTP synthetase is regulated by the cellular levels of CTP. High concentrations of CTP inhibit the enzyme, preventing the overproduction of CTP. Conversely, low levels of CTP stimulate the enzyme, leading to increased CTP biosynthesis.

**Biological Significance of CTP**

CTP is a crucial molecule involved in various cellular processes:

- DNA and RNA Synthesis: CTP serves as a building block for DNA and RNA synthesis, providing the cytosine nucleotide needed for these processes.
- Signal Transduction: CTP plays a role in signal transduction pathways, acting as a substrate for enzymes involved in cellular signaling.
- Membrane Biosynthesis: CTP is required for the biosynthesis of phospholipids, which are essential components of cellular membranes.

**Overall, the CTP biosynthetic process is a tightly regulated pathway that ensures a constant supply of this essential nucleotide for various cellular functions.**'
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Proteins (4)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase BA nucleoside diphosphate kinase B that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DAN, UniProtKB:P22392]Homo sapiens (human)
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase AA nucleoside diphosphate kinase A that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P15531]Homo sapiens (human)
Putative nucleoside diphosphate kinaseA protein that is a translation product of the NME2P1 gene in human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O60361]Homo sapiens (human)
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondrialA nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O00746]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (18)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
balsalazidebalsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.

balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source
thymidine 5'-diphosphatedTDP : A thymidine phosphate having a diphosphate group at the 5'-position.

thymidine 5'-diphosphate: see also record for thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate, RN 2863-04-9
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
thymidine phosphate
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alvocidibalvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.

alvocidib: structure given in first source
dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
saracatinibaromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
diether;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
oxanes;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
vx 702VX 702: a p38 MAP kinase inhibitorphenylpyridine
chir-265aromatic ether
pf-562,271indoles
buparlisibNVP-BKM120: a pan class I PI3 kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first sourceaminopyridine;
aminopyrimidine;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
pha 848125N,1,4,4-tetramethyl-8-((4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo(4,3-h)quinazoline-3-carboxamide: a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor
gdc 0941pictrelisib : A sulfonamide composed of indazole, morpholine, and methylsulfonyl-substituted piperazine rings bound to a thienopyrimidine ring.indazoles;
morpholines;
piperazines;
sulfonamide;
thienopyrimidine
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
cudc 1017-(4-(3-ethynylphenylamino)-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-yloxy)-N-hydroxyheptanamide: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source
mln 8237MLN 8237: an aurora kinase A inhibitorbenzazepine
pci 32765ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.

ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor
acrylamides;
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
tertiary carboxamide
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tak 733
entrectinibentrectinib : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole substituted by [4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzoyl]amino and 3,5-difluorobenzyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of TRKA, TRKB, TRKC, ROS1, and ALK (IC50 values of 0.1 to 1.7 nM), and used for the treatment of NTRK, ROS1 and ALK gene fusion-positive solid tumours.

entrectinib: inhibits TRK, ROS1, and ALK receptor tyrosine kinases; structure in first source
benzamides;
difluorobenzene;
indazoles;
N-methylpiperazine;
oxanes;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
gsk 2126458omipalisib : A member of the class of quinolines that is quinoline which is substituted by pyridazin-4-yl and 5-[(2,4-difluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl)amino]-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl groups at positions 4 and 6, respectively. It is a highly potent inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR developed by GlaxoSmithKline and was previously in human phase 1 clinical trials for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and solid tumors.

omipalisib: inhibitor of mTOR protein
aromatic ether;
difluorobenzene;
pyridazines;
pyridines;
quinolines;
sulfonamide
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
gsk 1363089GSK 1363089: a multikinase inhibitor that acts on Met, RON, Axl, and VEGFR; structure in first sourcearomatic ether
osimertinibosimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.

osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor
acrylamides;
aminopyrimidine;
biaryl;
indoles;
monomethoxybenzene;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound
antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist