Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group. [ISBN:0198506732]
Sorbitol catabolism is a metabolic pathway that breaks down sorbitol, a sugar alcohol, into fructose. This process is essential for the detoxification of sorbitol, which can accumulate in tissues under certain conditions.
**Steps involved in sorbitol catabolism:**
1. **Sorbitol Dehydrogenase (SDH) converts sorbitol to fructose:** SDH, an enzyme found in various tissues like the liver, kidneys, and lens, catalyzes the oxidation of sorbitol to fructose. This reaction requires NAD+ as a cofactor.
2. **Fructose is metabolized via the glycolytic pathway:** The resulting fructose can enter the glycolytic pathway, a series of metabolic reactions that break down glucose to generate energy (ATP).
**Biological Significance:**
* **Detoxification:** Sorbitol catabolism helps to prevent the accumulation of sorbitol, which can lead to osmotic stress and cell damage. This is particularly important in individuals with diabetes, as high blood glucose levels can lead to increased sorbitol production.
* **Energy production:** Sorbitol catabolism contributes to energy production by providing fructose as a substrate for the glycolytic pathway.
* **Regulation of blood glucose levels:** In some tissues, sorbitol catabolism can indirectly influence blood glucose levels by affecting the availability of fructose for glycolysis.
**Clinical Relevance:**
* **Diabetes:** In individuals with diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to increased sorbitol production, particularly in tissues like the lens, nerves, and kidneys. This excess sorbitol can contribute to diabetic complications like cataracts, neuropathy, and nephropathy.
* **Genetic disorders:** Some individuals have genetic deficiencies in SDH, leading to sorbitol accumulation. This can cause various health issues, including cataracts and neurodevelopmental problems.
**Overall, sorbitol catabolism is a crucial metabolic pathway for the detoxification of sorbitol and maintaining cellular homeostasis. It plays a vital role in energy production and can contribute to the regulation of blood glucose levels. Disruptions in this pathway can lead to various health complications.**'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Sorbitol dehydrogenase | A sorbitol dehydrogenase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q00796] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| coumarin | 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative | coumarins | fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| herniarin | herniarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a methoxy group at position 7. herniarin: methoxy analog of umbelliferone; structure | coumarins | fluorochrome |
| 3-hydroxy-1-benzopyran-2-one | 3-hydroxycoumarin: Photoprotective from sea urchin gametes and embryonic cells; structure in first source hydroxycoumarin : Any coumarin carrying at least one hydroxy substituent. | hydroxycoumarin | |
| isoscopoletin | isoscopoletin : A hydroxycoumarin that is esculetin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is the major primary metabolite of scoparone. | aromatic ether; hydroxycoumarin | plant metabolite |
| cp-166,572 | |||
| epalrestat | epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy. | monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines | EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor |
| quercetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger | |
| scopoletin | hydroxycoumarin | plant growth regulator; plant metabolite | |
| hymecromone | Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID. | hydroxycoumarin | antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor |
| esculetin | esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light. esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure | hydroxycoumarin | antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter |
| 7-hydroxycoumarin | 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7. | hydroxycoumarin | fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite |
| 4-methylesculetin | 4-methylesculetin: has antiinflammatory activity 6,7-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-methylcuomarin which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. A hyaluronan synthesis inhibitor. It has also been used as a fluorescent sensor to monitor the consumption of a boronic acid in Suzuki coupling reactions; fluorescence is readily detectable by the naked eye using a standard 365 nm UV lamp. | hydroxycoumarin | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hyaluronan synthesis inhibitor |
| 7-hydroxycoumarin-4-acetic acid | 7-hydroxycoumarin-4-acetic acid: pH-indicator dye; structure in first source | ||
| 4-hydroxycoumarin | 2-hydroxychromone: structure | hydroxycoumarin |