Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. [GOC:ai]
Glucose catabolism, also known as glycolysis, is a fundamental metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose, a simple sugar, into pyruvate. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is crucial for generating energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Here's a step-by-step breakdown:
1. **Phosphorylation:** Glucose enters the cell and is phosphorylated by ATP to form glucose-6-phosphate. This initial step consumes energy but prepares glucose for further reactions.
2. **Isomerization:** Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate.
3. **Second Phosphorylation:** Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated again by ATP to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. This further commits the molecule to the pathway.
4. **Cleavage:** Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into two three-carbon molecules: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
5. **Interconversion:** DHAP is converted to G3P, ensuring both molecules proceed through the next steps.
6. **Oxidation and Phosphorylation:** G3P is oxidized and phosphorylated, producing NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
7. **Substrate-level Phosphorylation:** 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate transfers a phosphate group to ADP, generating ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.
8. **Isomerization:** 3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate.
9. **Dehydration:** 2-phosphoglycerate loses water to form phosphoenolpyruvate.
10. **Final Substrate-level Phosphorylation:** Phosphoenolpyruvate transfers a phosphate group to ADP, generating ATP and pyruvate.
The net products of glycolysis per glucose molecule are:
* 2 ATP molecules
* 2 NADH molecules
* 2 pyruvate molecules
Pyruvate can then be further metabolized under aerobic conditions in the mitochondria via the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, yielding significantly more ATP. Alternatively, under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be converted to lactate, allowing glycolysis to continue without oxygen. This process is crucial for many organisms, including humans, as it provides a continuous supply of energy for various cellular functions.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Adenylate cyclase type 10 | An adenylate cyclase type 10 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q96PN6] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death | A Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q92934] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Hexokinase-4 | A hexokinase-4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P35557] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
gossypol | Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer. | ||
sanguinarine | benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family. | alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent | |
staurosporine | indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound | apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector | |
epigallocatechin gallate | (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin. epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis) | flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol | 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol : 1-naphthol hydrogenated at C-5, -6, -7 and -8. | tetralins | |
chelerythrine chloride | |||
zm 241385 | ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor | diamino-1,3,5-triazine | |
2-hydroxyestradiol | 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2. 2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-hydroxy steroid | carcinogenic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug |
nsc 88915 | 4-pregnen-21-ol-3,20-dione-21-(4-bromobenzenesufonate): a tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
ro-28-1675 | acetamides | ||
piragliatin | piragliatin: glucokinase activator | ||
abt-737 | aromatic amine; aryl sulfide; biphenyls; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor | |
navitoclax | aryl sulfide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; piperazines; secondary amino compound; sulfone; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor | |
pf-04991532 | |||
pf-04937319 | N,N-dimethyl-5-((2-methyl-6-((5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbamoyl)benzofuran-4-yl)oxy)pyrimidine-2-carboxamide: a glucokinase activator; structure in first source | ||
abt-199 | venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion. venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source. | aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; oxanes; pyrrolopyridine | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor |
agi-5198 | AGI-5198: inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase 1; structure in first source |