production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. [GOC:add, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, ISBN:0781735149]
The production of molecular mediators involved in the inflammatory response is a complex process that involves a cascade of events triggered by tissue injury or infection. These mediators, primarily cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators, are released from various cells, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. The process begins with the recognition of the damaging stimulus by cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on their surface. This recognition triggers intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the activation of transcription factors, like NF-κB, which regulate the expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory mediators.
Once synthesized, these mediators are released into the extracellular space where they act on target cells, including immune cells, blood vessels, and other tissues. These mediators have various functions:
* **Cytokines**: Like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, they promote inflammation by inducing the recruitment of immune cells, activating endothelial cells, and triggering the release of other mediators.
* **Chemokines**: Like IL-8 and MCP-1, they act as chemoattractants, guiding immune cells to the site of injury or infection.
* **Lipid mediators**: Like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, they contribute to pain, swelling, and vasodilation.
The production of inflammatory mediators is tightly regulated to ensure that inflammation is controlled and resolved. Once the stimulus is removed, the production of mediators is reduced, and the inflammatory response is dampened. The resolution of inflammation involves the production of anti-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-10, and the recruitment of specialized phagocytes, like macrophages, to clear the debris.
However, in certain cases, the inflammatory response can become dysregulated, leading to chronic inflammation. This can contribute to the development of various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
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Proteins (3)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Group 3 secretory phospholipase A2 | A group 3 secretory phospholipase A2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9NZ20] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Acidic mammalian chitinase | An acidic mammalian chitinase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9BZP6] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Group 10 secretory phospholipase A2 | A group 10 secretory phospholipase A2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O15496] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (11)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| acetazolamide | Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| kinetin | cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group. Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects. | 6-aminopurines; furans | cytokinin; geroprotector |
| 8-chlorotheophylline | organochlorine compound; purines | central nervous system stimulant | |
| allosamidin | allosamidin: Anti-Asthmatic | ||
| 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone | 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone: a pesticide synergist; inhibits juvenile hormone esterase | ||
| varespladib | aromatic ether; benzenes; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; primary carboxamide | anti-inflammatory drug; antidote; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor | |
| argifin | argifin: possible lead insecticide; isolated from Gliocladium; structure in first source | ||
| amentoflavone | biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly | angiogenesis inhibitor; antiviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; plant metabolite | |
| ochnaflavone | ochnaflavone : A biflavonoid with an ether linkage between the B-rings of the apigenin and luteolin subunits. It has been isolated from several members of the Ochnaceae plant family. ochnaflavone: from Lonicera japonica; structure given in first source | aromatic ether; biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone | anti-inflammatory agent; antiatherogenic agent; antibacterial agent; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; plant metabolite |
| ym 26734 | YM 26734: inhibits group II phospholipase A2; structure given in first source | ||
| indoxam | indoxam: structure in first source |