chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
A chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. A chronic inflammatory response persists indefinitely during days, weeks, or months in the life of an individual. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
Chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus is a complex and multifaceted process involving a cascade of cellular and molecular events that occur when the immune system encounters a persistent or recurring antigen. This persistent antigen exposure leads to a prolonged inflammatory response, characterized by sustained activation of immune cells, release of inflammatory mediators, and tissue damage. The process can be broadly divided into three phases: initiation, amplification, and resolution.
**Initiation:**
* Antigen presentation: The initial step involves the presentation of the antigen to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. APCs engulf the antigen and process it into smaller peptides.
* Activation of T cells: The processed antigen is displayed on the surface of APCs in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This presentation triggers the activation of specific T cells, primarily CD4+ helper T cells (Th cells).
* Cytokine production: Activated Th cells release cytokines, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which further amplify the immune response.
**Amplification:**
* Recruitment of inflammatory cells: The release of cytokines and chemokines attracts other immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, to the site of inflammation.
* Tissue damage: The influx of inflammatory cells and the release of inflammatory mediators can cause tissue damage and fibrosis.
**Resolution:**
* Resolution of inflammation: Ideally, the immune system resolves the inflammation by eliminating the antigen and restoring tissue homeostasis. This involves mechanisms such as apoptosis of inflammatory cells, clearance of debris, and tissue repair.
**Persistence and chronicity:**
* In chronic inflammation, the inflammatory response fails to resolve, leading to persistent activation of immune cells and chronic tissue damage. This can be due to factors such as persistent antigen exposure, genetic predisposition, or impaired immune regulation.
* The persistent antigen exposure could be due to various factors like chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, or environmental pollutants.
* The chronic inflammatory response often leads to the development of various diseases such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
**Key features of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus:**
* Persistent antigen exposure
* Sustained activation of immune cells
* Release of inflammatory mediators
* Tissue damage and fibrosis
* Impaired immune regulation
* Development of chronic diseases
**Note:** This is a simplified explanation of a complex process. The specific mechanisms and factors involved can vary depending on the specific antigen and the individual's immune system.'
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Proteins (2)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-10 | An interleukin-10 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:JAN, UniProtKB:P22301] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Tumor necrosis factor | A tumor necrosis factor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (19)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| mesalamine | mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position. Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed) | amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| way 151693 | |||
| pentoxifylline | oxopurine | ||
| 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone | 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases. | methoxybenzenes | |
| rolipram | pyrrolidin-2-ones | antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor | |
| sulfasalazine | sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907) | ||
| bergenin | bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure | trihydroxybenzoic acid | metabolite |
| marimastat | marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide. marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary | hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide | antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor |
| birb 796 | aromatic ether; morpholines; naphthalenes; pyrazoles; ureas | EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator | |
| ganoderic acid a | triterpenoid | ||
| ganoderiol f | ganoderiol F: a ganoderma triterpene from Ganoderma amboinense; structure in first source | triterpenoid | |
| 1-(phenylmethyl)benzimidazole | benzimidazoles | ||
| luteolin-7-glucoside | luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum | beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone | antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| apigetrin | apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. apigetrin: structure given in first source | beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative | antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| calycosin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside | calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is calycosin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position at 7 via a glycosidic linkage. calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside: from Radix Astragali | 4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative | |
| spd-304 | SPD-304: structure in first source | ||
| ganoderic acid f | ganoderic acid F: isolated from Ganoderma lucidum; structure in first source | triterpenoid | |
| ganoderic acid c2 | ganoderic acid C2: from the fruiting body of Ganoderma; structure in first source | triterpenoid | |
| hg-9-91-01 | HG-9-91-01 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is a potent inhibitor of salt-inducible kinase 2, a potential target protein for therapy in ovarian cancer. HG-9-91-01: inhibits salt-inducible kinases; structure in first source | aminopyrimidine; dimethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas; secondary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; salt-inducible kinase 2 inhibitor |