endoderm formation

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation. [GOC:go_curators]

Endoderm formation, a crucial stage in embryonic development, involves a complex interplay of signaling pathways, transcription factors, and cell fate decisions. It begins with the specification of the germ layers, the three primary tissue layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Endoderm, the innermost layer, gives rise to a diverse array of organs including the digestive system, respiratory system, liver, pancreas, and thyroid gland.

The process starts with the formation of the blastula, a hollow ball of cells. Through a process called gastrulation, the blastula undergoes invagination, forming the primitive streak, a groove on the dorsal surface of the embryo. Cells from the epiblast layer migrate through the primitive streak and ingress into the interior of the embryo, creating the mesoderm and endoderm.

The endoderm forms as a layer of cells beneath the mesoderm. Its fate is determined by a combination of signaling molecules, including Wnt, Nodal, and BMP, which are secreted from the neighboring tissues. These signals activate specific transcription factors within the endoderm cells, such as Sox17 and Gata4, which regulate the expression of genes involved in endoderm differentiation.

As development proceeds, the endoderm undergoes regionalization, forming distinct domains that will give rise to different organs. The anterior endoderm gives rise to the foregut, which will develop into the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. The midgut will become the small intestine and part of the large intestine, while the hindgut will form the remainder of the large intestine, the rectum, and the bladder.

Endoderm differentiation is a highly regulated process that requires precise coordination of multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors. Disruptions in endoderm formation can lead to severe birth defects affecting the development of vital organs. This intricate process is a testament to the complexity and elegance of embryonic development.'
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Proteins (3)

Compounds (4)