superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activity
Definition
Target type: molecularfunction
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + 2 O2 = H+ + NADP+ + 2 superoxide. [RHEA:63180]
Superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activity is a crucial molecular function that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), specifically superoxide radicals (O2-), by catalyzing the reduction of molecular oxygen (O2) using NADPH as an electron donor. This process occurs at the plasma membrane or intracellular membranes of various cell types. The core catalytic unit of NADPH oxidases is a heterodimer consisting of a flavocytochrome b558, comprised of two subunits, gp91phox (NOX2) and p22phox, and a cytosolic regulatory subunit complex. Upon activation, the cytosolic subunits (p47phox, p67phox, p40phox, and Rac1) translocate to the membrane, forming an active enzyme complex. This complex facilitates electron transfer from NADPH to FAD in gp91phox, ultimately reducing molecular oxygen to superoxide. Superoxide production by NADPH oxidases is tightly regulated and plays a significant role in various cellular processes, including immune response, cell signaling, and oxidative stress. It contributes to the killing of pathogens by phagocytes, regulates vascular tone, and modulates cellular growth and differentiation. Dysregulation of NADPH oxidase activity can contribute to various pathological conditions, including chronic inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| NADPH oxidase 4 | An NADPH oxidase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:Q9NPH5] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (8)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2-hydroxy-5-(2,5-dihydrobenzyl)aminobenzoic acid | aromatic amine | ||
| staurosporine | indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound | apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector | |
| quercetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger | |
| 3,7-dimethoxy-5,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone | 3,7-dimethoxy-5,3',4'-trihydroxyflavone: isolated from Veronia eremophila; structure given in first source 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone : A dimethoxyflavone that the 3,7-di-O-methyl derivative of quercetin. | dimethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone | EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; metabolite |
| apigenin | Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. | trihydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| luteolin | 3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone | angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist | |
| kaempferol | 7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite | |
| azaleatin | azaleatin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 5 is replaced by a methoxy group. | 7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone | plant metabolite |