Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood microparticle formation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
Positive regulation of blood microparticle formation is a complex process involving a cascade of molecular events that ultimately lead to the shedding of small vesicles from the surface of blood cells. These microparticles, also known as microvesicles or exosomes, play a crucial role in intercellular communication and can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on the body.
The initiation of this process is often triggered by various stimuli, including:
* **Cellular stress:** Factors like oxidative stress, hypoxia, or inflammation can activate signaling pathways that promote microparticle formation.
* **Activation of specific receptors:** Binding of ligands to receptors on the cell surface can initiate downstream signaling cascades that lead to vesicle shedding.
* **Changes in membrane lipid composition:** Alterations in the lipid composition of the cell membrane can influence its fluidity and susceptibility to budding and shedding.
These stimuli activate a series of molecular events, including:
* **Activation of signaling pathways:** The stimuli trigger signaling pathways such as the MAPK, PI3K, and NF-κB pathways, which regulate gene expression and protein activity involved in microparticle formation.
* **Recruitment of cytoskeletal proteins:** Proteins like actin and myosin are recruited to the plasma membrane, contributing to membrane deformation and vesicle budding.
* **Activation of enzymes:** Enzymes such as phospholipases and proteases are activated, modifying the lipid composition and protein content of the cell membrane, facilitating vesicle shedding.
As the process progresses, the cell membrane undergoes a series of structural rearrangements:
* **Budding of vesicles:** The cell membrane starts to bulge outwards, forming small, membrane-enclosed vesicles.
* **Scission of vesicles:** The newly formed vesicles eventually detach from the parent cell, becoming independent microparticles.
These microparticles can then interact with other cells, carrying cargo such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These molecules can then influence the recipient cells, contributing to a variety of biological processes, including:
* **Intercellular communication:** Microparticles can act as messengers, transferring information between cells.
* **Regulation of immune responses:** Microparticles can modulate immune cell activation and cytokine production.
* **Tissue repair and regeneration:** Microparticles can participate in wound healing and tissue regeneration processes.
However, excessive microparticle formation can have detrimental effects, contributing to:
* **Atherosclerosis:** Microparticles can promote inflammation and contribute to plaque formation in blood vessels.
* **Coagulation disorders:** Microparticles can activate coagulation pathways, increasing the risk of blood clots.
* **Cancer progression:** Microparticles can promote tumor growth and metastasis.
Therefore, the regulation of blood microparticle formation is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing disease development. Further research into the molecular mechanisms underlying this process is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies to modulate microparticle formation and its associated biological effects.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Tumor necrosis factor | A tumor necrosis factor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
mesalamine | mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position. Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed) | amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
way 151693 | |||
pentoxifylline | oxopurine | ||
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone | 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases. | methoxybenzenes | |
rolipram | pyrrolidin-2-ones | antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor | |
sulfasalazine | sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907) | ||
bergenin | bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure | trihydroxybenzoic acid | metabolite |
marimastat | marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide. marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary | hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide | antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor |
birb 796 | aromatic ether; morpholines; naphthalenes; pyrazoles; ureas | EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator | |
ganoderic acid a | triterpenoid | ||
ganoderiol f | ganoderiol F: a ganoderma triterpene from Ganoderma amboinense; structure in first source | triterpenoid | |
1-(phenylmethyl)benzimidazole | benzimidazoles | ||
luteolin-7-glucoside | luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum | beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone | antioxidant; plant metabolite |
apigetrin | apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. apigetrin: structure given in first source | beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative | antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
calycosin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside | calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is calycosin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position at 7 via a glycosidic linkage. calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside: from Radix Astragali | 4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative | |
spd-304 | SPD-304: structure in first source | ||
ganoderic acid f | ganoderic acid F: isolated from Ganoderma lucidum; structure in first source | triterpenoid | |
ganoderic acid c2 | ganoderic acid C2: from the fruiting body of Ganoderma; structure in first source | triterpenoid |