Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24187568]
Negative regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process involves a complex interplay of signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms that prevent the premature or inappropriate death of these crucial immune cells. CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that play a vital role in the adaptive immune response, targeting and eliminating infected or cancerous cells. Activation of these T cells, triggered by antigen presentation through MHC class I molecules, initiates a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to the production of effector molecules like granzyme and perforin, which induce target cell death. However, excessive or uncontrolled apoptosis of these cells can impair immune function and lead to immunodeficiency.
To prevent premature apoptosis, activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells employ a variety of regulatory mechanisms. These include:
* **Anti-apoptotic signaling pathways:** Activation of survival pathways like the PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways promotes cell survival by inhibiting pro-apoptotic proteins and promoting the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL.
* **Immune checkpoint molecules:** Expression of inhibitory receptors like CTLA-4 and PD-1 on activated T cells allows them to downregulate their activation state and prevent excessive apoptosis. Engagement of these receptors with their ligands on antigen-presenting cells sends negative signals that suppress T cell activation and proliferation.
* **Cytokine signaling:** Cytokines like IL-2 and IL-7 play a crucial role in maintaining T cell survival. These cytokines activate signaling pathways that promote cell growth, proliferation, and survival.
* **Metabolic adaptation:** Activated T cells undergo significant metabolic changes to meet their increased energy demands. These changes include the upregulation of glycolysis and the production of metabolites that contribute to cell survival.
* **Microenvironment interactions:** Interactions with other cells in the immune microenvironment, such as antigen-presenting cells and regulatory T cells, can influence the survival of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells.
The precise mechanisms involved in the negative regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptosis are still being elucidated. However, it is clear that a delicate balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic signals is crucial for maintaining a healthy pool of these effector cells and ensuring an effective immune response.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
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CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 | A CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q11201] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Arginase-2, mitochondrial | An arginase-2, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P78540] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid | 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives. | dihydroxybenzoic acid | human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
protocatechuic acid | 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4. protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
gallic acid | gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid. | trihydroxybenzoic acid | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
beta-resorcylic acid | beta-resorcylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | ||
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid | 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin | dihydroxybenzoic acid | EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite |
veratric acid | 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3. veratric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | benzoic acids | allergen; plant metabolite |
methyl gallate | methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum | gallate ester | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite |
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid | 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid : A benzoic acid derivative carrying 3-, 4- and 5-methoxy substituents. 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | benzoic acids; methoxybenzenes | human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
syringic acid | syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid. syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source | benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols | plant metabolite |
epigallocatechin gallate | (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin. epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis) | flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
n(omega)-hydroxyarginine | N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine : An N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine in which the double bond has Z-configuration. N(omega)-hydroxyarginine: can cause vasorelaxation of bovine intrapulmonary artery; structure given in first source | amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-[(E)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[(hydroxyamino)(imino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine; N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine | |
Nomega-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine | L-alpha-amino acid | ||
(S)-2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid | (S)-2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid : L-Norleucine substituted at C-6 with a borono group. | non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organoboron compound | |
2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid | |||
guanosine diphosphate | Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. | guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor |