Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine stimulus. [GO_REF:0000071, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:21382270]
The biological response to 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), the active form of thyroid hormone, is a complex and multifaceted process that involves a wide range of cellular and molecular events. It is essential for regulating numerous physiological functions, including metabolism, growth, and development. Here's a detailed description of the process:
1. **T3 Binding to Nuclear Receptors:** T3 enters target cells and binds to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), which are nuclear transcription factors. TRs are located in the nucleus and are part of the nuclear receptor superfamily. There are two main isoforms of TRs: TRα and TRβ, each with multiple subtypes.
2. **Formation of Heterodimers:** Upon T3 binding, TRs undergo conformational changes that allow them to heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors (RXRs). These heterodimers then bind to specific DNA sequences called thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) located in the promoter regions of target genes.
3. **Regulation of Gene Expression:** The binding of the TR/RXR heterodimer to TREs can either activate or repress gene transcription, depending on the specific gene and the context. T3 binding generally leads to the activation of genes involved in metabolism, growth, and development, while repressing genes involved in energy storage and inflammation.
4. **Metabolic Regulation:** T3 plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism by influencing the expression of genes involved in:
- **Carbohydrate metabolism:** Increasing glucose uptake and utilization, promoting gluconeogenesis, and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- **Lipid metabolism:** Stimulating lipolysis, reducing cholesterol synthesis, and increasing fatty acid oxidation.
- **Protein synthesis:** Promoting protein synthesis and growth.
5. **Growth and Development:** T3 is essential for normal growth and development, particularly during fetal and neonatal periods. It regulates the growth and differentiation of various tissues and organs, including the brain, bones, and muscles.
6. **Cardiovascular Function:** T3 influences heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure. It increases basal metabolic rate, which leads to increased oxygen consumption and cardiac output.
7. **Other Physiological Effects:** T3 also plays a role in:
- **Neurological function:** Regulating brain development, synapse formation, and cognitive function.
- **Immune function:** Modulating immune cell development and function.
- **Thermoregulation:** Maintaining body temperature by increasing heat production.
8. **Disorders of Thyroid Hormone Function:** Imbalances in thyroid hormone levels can lead to various disorders, including:
- **Hypothyroidism:** Deficiency of thyroid hormone, causing slow metabolism, weight gain, fatigue, and other symptoms.
- **Hyperthyroidism:** Excess of thyroid hormone, causing increased metabolism, weight loss, anxiety, and other symptoms.
The response to T3 is a complex process involving multiple signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms. It is a crucial aspect of maintaining homeostasis and regulating a wide range of physiological functions. Understanding the mechanisms of T3 action is important for diagnosing and treating thyroid disorders and for developing therapeutic strategies targeting thyroid hormone signaling pathways.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
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Tumor necrosis factor | A tumor necrosis factor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
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mesalamine | mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position. Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed) | amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
way 151693 | |||
pentoxifylline | oxopurine | ||
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone | 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases. | methoxybenzenes | |
rolipram | pyrrolidin-2-ones | antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor | |
sulfasalazine | sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907) | ||
bergenin | bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure | trihydroxybenzoic acid | metabolite |
marimastat | marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide. marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary | hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide | antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor |
birb 796 | aromatic ether; morpholines; naphthalenes; pyrazoles; ureas | EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator | |
ganoderic acid a | triterpenoid | ||
ganoderiol f | ganoderiol F: a ganoderma triterpene from Ganoderma amboinense; structure in first source | triterpenoid | |
1-(phenylmethyl)benzimidazole | benzimidazoles | ||
luteolin-7-glucoside | luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum | beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone | antioxidant; plant metabolite |
apigetrin | apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. apigetrin: structure given in first source | beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative | antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
calycosin-7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside | calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is calycosin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position at 7 via a glycosidic linkage. calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside: from Radix Astragali | 4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative | |
spd-304 | SPD-304: structure in first source | ||
ganoderic acid f | ganoderic acid F: isolated from Ganoderma lucidum; structure in first source | triterpenoid | |
ganoderic acid c2 | ganoderic acid C2: from the fruiting body of Ganoderma; structure in first source | triterpenoid |