basal dendrite development

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a basal dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, PMID:22683681]

Basal dendrite development is a crucial step in the formation of mature neurons, particularly in cortical neurons. It involves a complex interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that guide the growth and differentiation of these specialized neuronal projections.

The process begins with the emergence of a nascent dendrite from the neuronal soma, a process influenced by intrinsic factors like gene expression and protein localization. This initial growth is often guided by microtubule polymerization and actin dynamics, which create the structural backbone of the dendrite. As the dendrite elongates, it branches, creating a complex arbor. Branching is influenced by a variety of factors including:

* **Extracellular cues:** These cues can be molecules like neurotrophins, secreted by neighboring cells, or extracellular matrix proteins. These molecules bind to receptors on the dendrite surface, activating intracellular signaling pathways that promote branching.
* **Intrinsic signaling:** Intracellular signaling pathways, often triggered by extracellular cues, influence cytoskeletal dynamics and gene expression, which further promote branching.
* **Synaptic activity:** Once the dendrite is formed, it receives synaptic inputs from other neurons. This activity, both pre- and post-synaptic, influences dendrite morphology and function.

During this development, the dendrite also undergoes a process of maturation, which involves:

* **Changes in protein composition:** The dendrite accumulates specialized proteins, including receptors, ion channels, and signaling molecules. These proteins are crucial for the dendrite's ability to receive and integrate synaptic input.
* **Establishment of polarity:** The dendrite develops a distinct apical-basal polarity, which allows for the spatial organization of different types of synaptic inputs.
* **Myelination:** In some cases, the dendrite becomes myelinated, which increases the efficiency of signal transmission.

The formation of basal dendrites is essential for the proper function of cortical neurons. They receive inputs from other neurons and contribute to the integration of information within neural circuits. Disruptions in basal dendrite development can lead to neurological disorders and cognitive impairments. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying basal dendrite development are still being investigated, but ongoing research is shedding light on the complex processes that govern this critical aspect of brain development.'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (2)