Target type: biologicalprocess
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when a trophoblast cell elongates to contribute to the branching of the placenta. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:16916377]
Placental branching morphogenesis is a complex process that involves the coordinated interplay of various cellular and molecular mechanisms. It begins with the formation of the chorionic villi, finger-like projections that extend from the chorionic plate, the outermost layer of the placenta. The villi are composed of an outer layer of trophoblast cells, which are responsible for anchoring the placenta to the uterine wall, and an inner layer of mesenchymal cells, which give rise to the fetal blood vessels.
As the placenta develops, the villi undergo a series of branching events that increase their surface area and allow for more efficient exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and fetus. This branching is driven by a combination of factors, including:
* **Cell proliferation:** Trophoblast cells divide rapidly, increasing the number of cells that contribute to the villi.
* **Cell migration:** Trophoblast cells migrate to the tips of the villi, where they form new branches.
* **Cell differentiation:** Trophoblast cells differentiate into specialized cell types, such as syncytiotrophoblast, which forms the outer layer of the villi, and cytotrophoblast, which forms the inner layer.
* **Extracellular matrix remodeling:** The extracellular matrix surrounding the villi is constantly being remodeled, providing a scaffold for branching and allowing for the growth of new blood vessels.
* **Signaling pathways:** Numerous signaling pathways, including the Wnt, Notch, and FGF pathways, regulate different aspects of branching morphogenesis, such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation.
The branching process is highly regulated and involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Disruptions in these processes can lead to placental abnormalities, such as reduced placental size, increased placental vascular resistance, and impaired nutrient and oxygen transport, which can have significant consequences for fetal growth and development.
In summary, placental branching morphogenesis is a complex and tightly regulated process that is essential for proper placental development and fetal growth. It involves a combination of cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and signaling pathways.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Suppressor of tumorigenicity 14 protein | A suppressor of tumorigenicity 14 protein that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y5Y6] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| benzamidine | benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group. benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd | benzenes; carboxamidine | serine protease inhibitor |
| nafamostat | nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic | benzoic acids; guanidines | |
| pentamidine | pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects. | aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether | anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic |
| dibrompropamidine | aromatic ether | ||
| hexamidine | hexamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of hexane-1,6-diol. | aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether | antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug |
| leupeptin | aldehyde; tripeptide | bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor | |
| n(alpha)-tosyl-(3-amidinophenyl)alanine piperidide | N(alpha)-(4-toluenesulfonyl)-3-amidinophenylalanylpiperidine: binds to thrombin & trypsin; structure given in first source | ||
| tertiary-butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-seryl-arginyl-4-methylcoumarin-7-amide | |||
| rivaroxaban | rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery. Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME. | aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor |
| n-alpha-(2,4,6-triisopropyl-phenylsulfonyl)-3-amidino-(l)-phenyl-alanine-4-ethoxycarbonyl-piperazide hydrochloride |