regulation of viral process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
Regulation of viral processes is a complex interplay of host and viral factors that determines the success or failure of a viral infection. It encompasses various mechanisms that either promote or restrict viral replication, spread, and persistence within the host organism.
Host cells possess innate and adaptive immune responses that serve as primary defense mechanisms against viral intrusion. Innate immunity, the first line of defense, involves recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present on viruses by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on immune cells. Upon recognition, PRRs trigger signaling pathways that induce the production of antiviral cytokines like interferon (IFN) and pro-inflammatory mediators.
Interferons, particularly type I IFNs, play a crucial role in establishing an antiviral state within infected and neighboring cells. They activate signaling cascades that lead to the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), encoding proteins with antiviral activity. These proteins interfere with various stages of the viral life cycle, including viral entry, genome replication, protein translation, and assembly.
The adaptive immune response, a more specific and targeted defense, involves the recognition of viral antigens by T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), directly kill infected cells displaying viral antigens on their surface. CD4+ T cells, also known as helper T cells, play a crucial role in coordinating the immune response by secreting cytokines that activate other immune cells. B lymphocytes produce antibodies that specifically target viral antigens, neutralizing viral particles, and promoting their elimination.
Viruses, in turn, have evolved intricate mechanisms to evade and counter host defense systems. They employ strategies like:
* **Molecular mimicry:** Viruses can produce proteins that mimic host molecules, hindering immune recognition and activation.
* **Immune suppression:** Some viruses target and disrupt key components of the immune system, suppressing its function.
* **Antigenic variation:** Viruses can rapidly mutate their surface proteins, escaping recognition by antibodies.
* **Latency:** Certain viruses can enter a dormant state within host cells, evading immune surveillance.
Regulation of viral processes involves a dynamic equilibrium between host defense mechanisms and viral countermeasures. This intricate interplay determines the outcome of the infection:
* **Successful clearance:** The host immune system successfully controls and eliminates the viral infection.
* **Viral persistence:** The virus establishes a chronic infection, either causing persistent symptoms or remaining latent within the host.
* **Disease development:** Viral replication overwhelms the host defense system, leading to tissue damage and disease development.
Regulation of viral processes is a complex and highly dynamic process involving a multitude of factors, making it a challenging yet crucial area of research in understanding and combating viral infections.'
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Proteins (2)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Casein kinase II subunit beta | [no definition available] | Bos taurus (cattle) |
| C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 | A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P61073] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (11)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole | Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation. | ||
| zalcitabine | zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase. Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy. | pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| plerixafor | plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2 | azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant |
| benzylaniline | benzylaniline: major metabolite of antazoline; RN given refers to parent cpd | ||
| terephthalamide | benzenedicarboxamide | ||
| krh 1636 | KRH 1636: structure in first source | ||
| amd 8664 | |||
| cyclo(d-tyrosyl-arginyl-arginyl-3-(2-naphthyl)alanyl-glycyl) | oligopeptide | ||
| amd 070 | mavorixafor: a derivative of AMD3100; a CXCR4 blocker | aminoquinoline | |
| wz 811 | |||
| tn14003 | TN14003: synthetic antagonist 14-mer peptide inhibiting metastasis in an animal model |