Target type: biologicalprocess
The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphorylated lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. [ISBN:0198506732]
Phospholipid dephosphorylation is a critical enzymatic process that plays a central role in regulating cellular signaling, membrane dynamics, and lipid metabolism. This process involves the removal of a phosphate group (PO4) from a phospholipid molecule, typically from the head group of the lipid. The removal of the phosphate group alters the charge and polarity of the phospholipid, influencing its interactions with other molecules and its localization within cellular membranes. Dephosphorylation can occur in various cellular compartments, including the plasma membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus. The enzymes responsible for this process are known as phospholipid phosphatases, which are a diverse group of proteins with distinct substrate specificities and regulatory mechanisms.
The biological significance of phospholipid dephosphorylation is vast and encompasses several key aspects:
- **Signal Transduction:** Phospholipid dephosphorylation is integral to signal transduction pathways, where it modulates the activity of signaling molecules and downstream effector proteins. For example, the dephosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by phospholipase C (PLC) generates diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3), which act as second messengers in various signaling cascades.
- **Membrane Dynamics:** Dephosphorylation can alter the physical properties of membranes, impacting processes such as membrane fusion, vesicle trafficking, and cell shape. For instance, dephosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) can influence the formation of clathrin-coated pits, which are involved in endocytosis.
- **Lipid Metabolism:** Dephosphorylation plays a role in the breakdown of phospholipids, a crucial step in lipid metabolism. For example, the dephosphorylation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by LPA phosphatase generates lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a precursor for the synthesis of other lipids.
- **Cellular Homeostasis:** Dephosphorylation contributes to maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating the levels of various phospholipids and their derivatives. This balance is critical for proper cell function and survival.
The mechanisms of phospholipid dephosphorylation vary depending on the specific enzyme and substrate involved. However, the general principle is that the phosphatase enzyme utilizes a catalytic site to bind and dephosphorylate the phospholipid molecule, releasing the phosphate group as inorganic phosphate. The dephosphorylation reaction often requires specific cofactors, such as metal ions or small organic molecules, to facilitate the catalytic activity.
In conclusion, phospholipid dephosphorylation is a fundamental enzymatic process with profound implications for cell signaling, membrane dynamics, lipid metabolism, and overall cellular homeostasis. This intricate process involves a diverse array of enzymes and substrates, underscoring its complexity and essential role in maintaining cellular function and viability.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Bifunctional epoxide hydrolase 2 | An epoxide hydrolase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P34913] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| celecoxib | organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug | |
| ebselen | ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase. | benzoselenazole | anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger |
| emodin | emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs. Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies. | trihydroxyanthraquinone | antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| indomethacin | indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis. Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. | aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole | analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic; xenobiotic metabolite |
| 1,3-dicyclohexylurea | 1,3-dicyclohexylurea: degradation product of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3- cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea; structure | ureas | |
| oxaprozin | oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE. | 1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid | analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| rofecoxib | butenolide; sulfone | analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug | |
| rolipram | pyrrolidin-2-ones | antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor | |
| ici 204,219 | zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist | carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist |
| phlorhizin | aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative | antioxidant; plant metabolite | |
| triclocarban | triclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively. triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure | dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas | antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| 1,3-diphenylurea | 1,3-diphenylurea : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens of each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group. It is present in coconut milk (Cocos nucifera). | phenylureas | cytokinin; plant metabolite |
| aloe emodin | Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe. aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe | aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone | antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite |
| isobarbaloin | aloin B : A C-glycosyl compound that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by a 4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-10-oxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-9-yl moiety (the 9R diastereoisomer). | anthracenes; C-glycosyl compound; cyclic ketone; phenols | laxative; metabolite |
| fuberidazole | fuberidazole : A ring assembly consisting of benzimidazole substituted at position 2 by a 2-furyl group. A fungicide used as a seed treatment to control Fusarium spp. in cereals. fuberidazole: fumigant; structure | benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; furans | antifungal agrochemical |
| zileuton | 1-benzothiophenes; ureas | anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug | |
| talinolol | ureas | ||
| mmv665852 | MMV665852: an antischistosomal agent | ||
| fulvestrant | fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer. Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide | antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist |
| sorafenib | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide | angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| gluco-obtusifolin | gluco-obtusifolin: isolated from Cassia obtusifolia; structure in first source | anthraquinone | |
| ketoconazole | (2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration. | cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine | |
| rubrofusarin gentiobioside | rubrofusarin gentiobioside: isolated from seeds of Cassia tora; structure in first source | ||
| 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-phenylethyl)urea | benzenes | ||
| N-cycloheptyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl-4-piperidinecarboxamide | sulfonamide | ||
| urb 597 | cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source | biphenyls | |
| via 2291 | atreleuton: structure given in first source | ||
| sodium dodecyl sulfate | sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry. | organic sodium salt | detergent; protein denaturant |
| quercetin | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger | |
| quercitrin | alpha-L-rhamnoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone | antileishmanial agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite | |
| quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside | quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source | beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antipruritic drug; bone density conservation agent; geroprotector; histamine antagonist; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite |
| rutin | Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders. | disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone | antioxidant; metabolite |
| hyperoside | quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity. | beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone | hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| ellagic acid | catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol | antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent | |
| astragalin | kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage. kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source | beta-D-glucoside; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone | plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug |
| isorhamnetin 3-o-glucoside | isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is isorhamnetin substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue. isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside: from the flowers of Persea gratissima; structure in first source | beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone | metabolite |
| su 11248 | monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist | |
| methyl ferulate | methyl ferulate: inhibits LDL oxidation; isolated from Chrysanthemum coronarium; structure in first source trans-methylferulate : A cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of ferulic acid. It has been isolated from Pisonia aculeata. | cinnamate ester; guaiacols; methyl ester | plant metabolite |
| n-acetyl-s-farnesylcysteine | N-acetyl-S-farnesylcysteine: inhibits prenyl-cysteine carboxyl methyl transferases | sesquiterpenoid | |
| indigo carmine | 3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities. | ||
| alloin | alloin: isolated from various species of aloe; structure | diastereoisomeric mixture | EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; laxative |
| 6-chlorotacrine | 6-chlorotacrine: structure given in first source | ||
| regorafenib | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide | antineoplastic agent; hepatotoxic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor | |
| n-benzylhexadecanamide | N-benzylhexadecanamide : A macamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with benzylamine. A moderate inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase. N-benzylhexadecanamide: isolated from Lepidium meyenii; structure in first source | macamide; secondary carboxamide | EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite |
| ar 9281 | |||
| 4-(4-(3-adamantan-1-ylureido)cyclohexyloxy)benzoic acid | |||
| t-tucb | |||
| thiouredopyrenetrisulfonate | N-[1-(methanesulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]-N'-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]urea : A phenylurea that is urea substituted by 1-(methylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl and 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. | phenylureas | EC 3.3.2.10 (soluble epoxide hydrolase) inhibitor |
| tenuifoliside a | tenuifoliside A: isolated from Polygala tenuifolia; structure in first source | ||
| au1235 | |||
| gsk2256294 |