norepinephrine biosynthetic process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
Norepinephrine biosynthesis is a complex process that begins with the amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine is first converted to L-DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which is the rate-limiting step in the pathway. L-DOPA is then decarboxylated to dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. Dopamine is then transported into vesicles, where it is converted to norepinephrine by the enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase. This reaction requires molecular oxygen and a reducing agent such as ascorbic acid. Finally, norepinephrine is released from the vesicles into the synapse, where it acts as a neurotransmitter. This process is tightly regulated by a number of factors, including feedback inhibition by norepinephrine itself, and the presence of other neurotransmitters. It is important to note that the process of norepinephrine biosynthesis is not limited to the central nervous system. This process also occurs in the adrenal medulla, where it is released into the bloodstream as a hormone.'
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Proteins (3)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Dopamine beta-hydroxylase | A dopamine beta-hydroxylase that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:P15101, PRO:DNx] | Bos taurus (cattle) |
| Dopamine beta-hydroxylase | A dopamine beta-hydroxylase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P09172] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase | A tyrosine 3-monooxygenase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07101] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (15)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| fusaric acid | Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. | aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines | |
| hypericin | |||
| tyramine | monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines | EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter | |
| tropolone | tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii. Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS). | alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol | bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin |
| 3-phenylpropylamine | 3-phenylpropylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. | benzenes; phenylalkylamine; primary amino compound | |
| u 0521 | U 0521: catechol methyltransferase antagonist; structure | acetophenones | |
| 7-hydroxytropolone | 7-hydroxytropolone: structure | ||
| 4-vinylphenol | 4-hydroxystyrene : A member of the class of phenols that is styrene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4. 4-vinylphenol: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified | phenols | human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite |
| 3,7-dihydroxytropolone | 3,7-dihydroxytropolone : A cyclic ketone that is tropolone in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 are substituted by hydroxy groups. It is isolated from the soil bacterium Streptomyces tropolofaciens strain K611-97. 3,7-dihydroxytropolone: from Streptomyces tropolofaciens; active against B16 melanoma; structure given in first source | alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol; triol | antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite |
| n-n-propylnorapomorphine | aporphine alkaloid | ||
| monoiodotyrosine | 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent. Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine. | amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| methimazole | methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen. Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme. | 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones | antithyroid drug |
| 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol | 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/87 | ||
| 11-hydroxy-n-(n-propyl)noraporphine hydrochloride, (r)-isomer | |||
| sk&f 102698 |