Target type: biologicalprocess
Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylethanolamine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylethanolamine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains. [GOC:mw, PMID:18287005, PMID:18458083]
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) acyl-chain remodeling is a crucial process in maintaining membrane fluidity and regulating cellular signaling. It involves the exchange of fatty acyl chains on the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of PE, resulting in the formation of a diverse pool of PE species with varying acyl chain compositions. This dynamic remodeling is catalyzed by a group of enzymes, primarily lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPATs) and phospholipid scramblases.
The process begins with the hydrolysis of the sn-1 or sn-2 acyl chain of PE by phospholipases A1 or A2, respectively. This generates a lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lysoPE) intermediate. LPATs then catalyze the transfer of a fatty acyl chain from a donor lipid, such as diacylglycerol or acyl-CoA, to the sn-1 or sn-2 position of lysoPE, forming a new PE species.
Scramblases, on the other hand, play a role in translocating PE molecules between the outer and inner leaflets of the membrane. This movement allows for the exchange of acyl chains between different PE molecules, further contributing to the diversity of PE species.
Acyl-chain remodeling can influence the physical properties of membranes, such as fluidity and curvature. The saturation and length of the acyl chains affect the membrane's fluidity, with shorter and unsaturated chains leading to increased fluidity. This is important for membrane function, as it allows for the proper insertion and movement of proteins and other molecules within the membrane.
Furthermore, acyl-chain remodeling plays a role in cellular signaling by influencing the activity of various enzymes and receptors. For instance, changes in PE acyl chain composition can affect the activity of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC), a key enzyme involved in the generation of second messengers.
In summary, PE acyl-chain remodeling is a complex and dynamic process that is essential for maintaining membrane integrity and regulating cellular functions. It involves the hydrolysis, transfer, and exchange of fatty acyl chains on PE molecules, resulting in a diverse pool of PE species with varying properties that influence membrane fluidity, curvature, and signaling pathways.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma | A cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9UP65] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma | A cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9UP65] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Group IIF secretory phospholipase A2 | A group IIF secretory phospholipase A2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9BZM2] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
indomethacin | indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis. Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. | aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole | analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic; xenobiotic metabolite |
3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone | 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone: a pesticide synergist; inhibits juvenile hormone esterase | ||
varespladib | aromatic ether; benzenes; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; primary carboxamide | anti-inflammatory drug; antidote; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor | |
arachidonic acid | arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid. icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14. | icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid | Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
arachidonyltrifluoromethane | AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2 | fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound | EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor |
indoxam | indoxam: structure in first source |