Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure. [GOC:ai]
Terpenoid biosynthesis is a complex and vital metabolic pathway that produces a diverse array of organic compounds known as terpenoids. These compounds play crucial roles in various biological processes, including plant defense, signaling, and pigmentation. The biosynthesis of terpenoids begins with the condensation of two five-carbon isoprene units, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), to form geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP). GPP serves as a precursor for the synthesis of monoterpenes, which consist of 10 carbon atoms. Further condensation reactions with IPP lead to the formation of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), a 15-carbon precursor for sesquiterpenes, and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), a 20-carbon precursor for diterpenes. The biosynthesis of terpenoids is regulated by a complex network of enzymes, including terpene synthases, which catalyze the cyclization and rearrangement of the linear precursor molecules. The resulting terpenoid molecules can be further modified by various enzymatic reactions, including oxidation, reduction, and glycosylation, leading to the vast diversity of terpenoids found in nature. The terpenoid biosynthetic pathway is highly conserved across different organisms, highlighting its essential role in biology.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase | A 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase that is encoded in the genome of Escherichia coli K-12. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P77488] | Escherichia coli K-12 |
| 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase | A 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase that is encoded in the genome of Escherichia coli K-12. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P62617] | Escherichia coli K-12 |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| cytidine diphosphate | Cytidine Diphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate. | cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 1-nitroso-2-naphthol | naphthols | ||
| 4-nitrosodimethylaniline | 4-nitrosodimethylaniline: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline : A member of the class of dimethylanilines that is N,N-dimethylaniline having a nitroso group at the 4-position. | dimethylaniline; nitroso compound; tertiary amino compound | |
| nitrosobenzene | benzenes; nitroso compound | xenobiotic metabolite | |
| 2-nitrosotoluene | |||
| 5-fluorocytidine | 5-fluorocytidine: isolated from DNA of Escherichia coli grown in presence of 5-fluorouracil; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd | cytidines; organofluorine compound | |
| cyclic cmp | 3',5'-cyclic CMP : A 3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide having cytosine as the nucleobase. Cyclic CMP: A cyclic nucleotide formed from CYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE by the action of cytidylate cyclase. It is a potential cyclic nucleotide intracellular mediator of signal transductions. | 3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide | human metabolite |
| cidofovir anhydrous | cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients. Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS. | phosphonic acids; pyrimidone | anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent |
| 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-monophosphate | 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5'-monophosphate: RN given refers to dihydrogen phosphate |