Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine. [ISBN:0198506732]
Sphingomyelin metabolism is a complex and vital cellular process that involves the synthesis, breakdown, and regulation of sphingomyelin, a major phospholipid component of cell membranes. Sphingomyelin plays crucial roles in diverse cellular functions, including membrane structure and fluidity, signal transduction, and cell growth and differentiation. The process can be broadly divided into two main pathways: biosynthesis and degradation.
**Biosynthesis:**
* **De novo synthesis:** This pathway starts with the condensation of palmitoyl-CoA and serine to form 3-ketosphinganine, which is then reduced to sphinganine. Sphinganine is subsequently acylated to form ceramide, a central molecule in sphingolipid metabolism.
* **Sphingomyelin synthesis:** Ceramide is further converted to sphingomyelin through the transfer of phosphocholine from phosphatidylcholine by sphingomyelin synthase.
**Degradation:**
* **Sphingomyelinase activity:** Sphingomyelin degradation is initiated by the action of sphingomyelinases, a family of enzymes that hydrolyze the phosphodiester bond in sphingomyelin, releasing ceramide and phosphocholine.
* **Ceramide breakdown:** Ceramide can be further metabolized through several pathways, including deacylation to sphingosine and phosphorylation to ceramide-1-phosphate. These products participate in diverse signaling events and contribute to cellular responses to stress and stimuli.
**Regulation:**
* **Enzymatic regulation:** The activity of enzymes involved in sphingomyelin metabolism is tightly regulated by various factors, including cellular signaling pathways, lipid composition, and environmental cues.
* **Gene expression:** The expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in sphingomyelin metabolism is also regulated, allowing for adaptation to different cellular needs and environmental changes.
**Dysregulation and disease:**
* **Genetic defects:** Mutations in genes involved in sphingomyelin metabolism can lead to inherited disorders, such as Niemann-Pick disease, characterized by sphingomyelin accumulation in various tissues.
* **Cellular dysfunction:** Dysregulation of sphingomyelin metabolism is implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disorders.
In summary, sphingomyelin metabolism is an intricate process that plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and function. Understanding its complexities is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies targeting sphingolipid-related diseases.'
"
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 2 | A sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O60906] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 | A sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9NY59] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase | A sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P17405] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| chlorpromazine | chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety. Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. | organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| fendiline | Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents. | diarylmethane | |
| imipramine | imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom. Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. | dibenzoazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| inositol 2,4,6-triphosphate | |||
| cambinol | cambinol: inhibitor of human silent information regulator 2 enzymes; structure in first source | ||
| 2-(1-benzo[e]benzofuranyl)-N-[4-methoxy-3-(4-morpholinylsulfonyl)phenyl]acetamide | naphthofuran | ||
| mangostin | alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities. mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit | aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite |
| scyphostatin | scyphostatin: a neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor isolated from Trichopeziza mollissima; structure in first source | cyclohexenones |