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glycosaminoglycan catabolic process

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. [ISBN:0192800981]

Glycosaminoglycan catabolic process is a critical biological process that involves the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), long, unbranched polysaccharide chains found in the extracellular matrix of various tissues. These GAGs play crucial roles in diverse physiological functions, including cell signaling, tissue development, and maintenance of tissue structure. The catabolic process ensures the proper turnover and degradation of GAGs, preventing their accumulation and potential dysfunction.

The process begins with the enzymatic degradation of GAGs by specific enzymes, primarily glycosidases. These enzymes cleave the glycosidic bonds linking the sugar monomers within the GAG chains, releasing individual sugar residues. The breakdown of GAGs can occur in different cellular compartments, including lysosomes and the extracellular matrix.

Lysosomal degradation is a major pathway for GAG catabolism. Lysosomes are cellular organelles containing various hydrolytic enzymes, including specific glycosidases. After internalization by endocytosis, GAGs are transported to lysosomes, where they are progressively degraded by lysosomal glycosidases. These enzymes cleave specific glycosidic bonds within the GAG chains, yielding smaller oligosaccharides and monosaccharides.

Extracellular degradation also contributes to GAG turnover. Some glycosidases, such as hyaluronidases, are secreted into the extracellular matrix, where they can directly degrade GAGs. This process is important for remodeling the extracellular matrix during tissue development and repair.

The breakdown products of GAG catabolism, including individual sugar residues and oligosaccharides, can be further metabolized and utilized by cells for various purposes. For example, some sugar residues can be recycled for biosynthesis of new GAGs, while others can be used as energy sources.

Defects in GAG catabolic processes can lead to a variety of diseases, collectively known as mucopolysaccharidoses. These diseases are characterized by the accumulation of undigested GAGs in various tissues, resulting in a wide range of clinical manifestations, including skeletal abnormalities, mental retardation, and organ dysfunction.

In summary, glycosaminoglycan catabolic process is an essential biological process for the breakdown and turnover of GAGs, ensuring their proper function and preventing their accumulation. This process involves the action of specific enzymes, primarily glycosidases, which cleave the glycosidic bonds within GAG chains, releasing individual sugar residues. The breakdown can occur in lysosomes and the extracellular matrix. Defects in this process can lead to various diseases, highlighting its importance for maintaining tissue homeostasis and overall health.'
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Proteins (5)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Beta-glucuronidase [no definition available]Bos taurus (cattle)
Hyaluronidase-1A hyaluronidase-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q12794]Homo sapiens (human)
Hyaluronidase-1A hyaluronidase-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q12794]Homo sapiens (human)
Beta-glucuronidaseA beta-glucuronidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P08236]Homo sapiens (human)
Tissue alpha-L-fucosidaseA tissue alpha-L-fucosidase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P04066]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (22)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
dehydroepiandrosteronedehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.
17-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid
androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)phenol : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 1,3-benzothiazole substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group at position 2.benzothiazoles;
phenols
geroprotector
besipirdinebesipirdine: structure given in first source; a non-receptor-dependent cholinomimetic agent with noradrenergic activity with potential use for treating Alzheimer's disease
1-deoxymannojirimycin
methyl methanethiosulfinatemethyl methanethiosulfinate: structure in first source; a metabolite of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxidesulfur oxoacid derivative
saccharolactoneD-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.

saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation
aldarolactone;
delta-lactone
deoxyfuconojirimycindeoxyfuconojirimycin : A hydroxypiperidine in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 3, 4 and 5 together with an additional methyl substituent at position 2.

deoxyfuconojirimycin: structure given in first source
hydroxypiperidine;
triol
fungal metabolite
8-(methylsulfonylamino)quinoline8-(methylsulfonylamino)quinoline: has diabetogenic properties; structure given in first source
8-(4-benzenesulfonylamino)quinoline8-(4-benzenesulfonylamino)quinoline: has diabetogenic properties; structure given in first source
ferulic acidferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
2,2'-dihydroxychalcone2,2'-dihydroxychalcone: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source
caffeic acidtrans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
1-[4-[(2-methyl-4-quinolinyl)amino]phenyl]ethanonearomatic ketone
isoferulic acidisoferulic acid : A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.

isoferulic acid: isomer of ferulic acid; structure
ferulic acidsantioxidant;
biomarker;
metabolite
kaempferol7-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
mangiferinshamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first sourceC-glycosyl compound;
xanthones
anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
kuwanon gkuwanon G: a non-peptide bombesin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (1S-(1alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer; structure given in first source

kuwanone G : A tetrahydroxyflavone isolated from the root barks of Morus alba and has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity.
resorcinols;
tetrahydroxyflavone
anti-inflammatory agent;
plant metabolite
rosmarinic acid(R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.

rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.

rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project
rosmarinic acidgeroprotector;
plant metabolite
2',5'-dihydroxychalcone2',5'-dihydroxychalcone: structure given in first sourcechalcones
ginkgolide b
b355252
2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-quinazolin-4-onequinazolines