growth involved in heart morphogenesis

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Developmental growth that contributes to the shaping of the heart. [GOC:mtg_heart]

Heart morphogenesis is a complex and precisely orchestrated process that involves the coordinated action of multiple signaling pathways, transcription factors, and extracellular matrix components. The process begins with the formation of the heart tube, a simple, linear structure that arises from the cardiogenic mesoderm in the developing embryo. This tube undergoes a series of dramatic transformations, including looping, chamber formation, and valve development, ultimately leading to the formation of the four-chambered heart.

Growth during heart morphogenesis is critical for the expansion and differentiation of the heart tube. This growth is driven by a combination of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation.

**Cell proliferation** is essential for increasing the number of cells in the developing heart. Several growth factors, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and Wnt proteins, play key roles in regulating cell proliferation during heart morphogenesis.

**Cell migration** is crucial for the proper positioning of cells within the developing heart. For example, the migration of neural crest cells is essential for the formation of the outflow tract, the region of the heart that connects to the aorta and pulmonary artery.

**Cell differentiation** is the process by which cells acquire specialized functions. During heart morphogenesis, cardiac progenitor cells differentiate into various cell types, including cardiomyocytes (muscle cells), endothelial cells (lining the blood vessels), and smooth muscle cells.

**Extracellular matrix (ECM)** provides structural support and guidance for cell migration and differentiation. ECM components, such as collagen and laminin, are secreted by cardiac cells and play crucial roles in regulating heart growth and morphogenesis.

**Signaling pathways** are essential for coordinating the complex interactions between cells during heart development. These pathways involve signaling molecules that bind to specific receptors on the cell surface, triggering a cascade of intracellular events that ultimately regulate gene expression and cell behavior.

**Transcription factors** are proteins that bind to DNA and regulate gene expression. Transcription factors are critical for controlling the expression of genes involved in heart development, including those involved in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation.

**Genetic mutations** in genes involved in heart morphogenesis can lead to congenital heart defects (CHDs), which are the most common type of birth defect. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying heart morphogenesis is essential for developing new therapies for CHDs.'
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