positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. [GOC:add]

Positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus is a complex biological process that involves a sustained and prolonged inflammatory response to a persistent antigen. It is characterized by the recruitment and activation of various immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other mediators. This prolonged inflammation contributes to tissue damage and the development of chronic inflammatory diseases.

The process begins with the recognition of an antigen by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells engulf and process the antigen, presenting it to T lymphocytes via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This antigen presentation triggers the activation of T cells, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These cytokines, along with other signaling molecules, stimulate the recruitment and activation of other immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages.

Neutrophils, which are the first responders to inflammation, release cytotoxic molecules and proteases, contributing to tissue damage. Macrophages play a crucial role in phagocytosing pathogens and debris, as well as secreting inflammatory mediators. They also present processed antigen to T cells, further amplifying the inflammatory response.

The prolonged exposure to the antigen leads to the activation of Th17 cells, a subset of T helper cells that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, primarily IL-17. IL-17 promotes the recruitment and activation of neutrophils and macrophages, contributing to the persistence of inflammation.

In addition to cytokines, chemokines play a role in the recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation. Chemokines, such as CCL2 and CXCL8, attract macrophages and neutrophils, respectively.

The chronic inflammatory response is characterized by the formation of granulomas, localized areas of inflammation containing immune cells and extracellular matrix. Granulomas are often associated with chronic infections and autoimmune diseases.

The dysregulation of various signaling pathways, including NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK-STAT, contributes to the persistence of inflammation. These pathways regulate the expression of genes involved in inflammation, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.

The chronic inflammatory response is a critical defense mechanism against persistent pathogens, but it can also contribute to the development of various chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and atherosclerosis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies for treating these diseases.'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (18)