Target type: biologicalprocess
The directed killing of a tumor cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:16730260]
T cell mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells is a complex process involving multiple steps, orchestrated by the immune system to eliminate cancerous cells. The process begins with recognition of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) by T cell receptors (TCR) expressed on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). These TAAs are unique molecular structures presented on the surface of tumor cells, often derived from mutated proteins, overexpressed proteins, or viral proteins. The TCR-TAA interaction initiates a cascade of signaling events within the CTL, leading to the activation and differentiation of CTLs into effector T cells. Activated CTLs then migrate to the tumor site, where they directly engage with tumor cells. Upon recognition of TAA, effector CTLs release cytotoxic effector molecules, primarily perforin and granzyme. Perforin is a pore-forming protein that creates holes in the tumor cell membrane, allowing granzyme to enter. Granzyme is a serine protease that induces apoptosis (programmed cell death) within the tumor cell. The process of apoptosis is characterized by a series of biochemical events that ultimately lead to the fragmentation of the tumor cell, preventing its uncontrolled growth and spread. In addition to perforin and granzyme, CTLs also express the death receptor ligand FasL, which can bind to the Fas receptor on tumor cells, triggering the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. T cell mediated cytotoxicity is tightly regulated by various immune checkpoint molecules, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, ensuring that CTLs only attack target cells expressing TAAs and do not harm healthy cells. The efficacy of CTLs in eliminating tumor cells is influenced by factors such as the tumor microenvironment, the presence of immunosuppressive cells, and the ability of the tumor cells to evade immune surveillance.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain | An MHC class I histocompatibility antigen A alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DAN] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| astemizole | astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position. Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects. | benzimidazoles; piperidines | anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| haloperidol | haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety. Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279) | aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| spiperone | spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively. Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA. | aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| raloxifene hydrochloride | raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride. Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue. | hydrochloride | bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| trazodone hydrochloride | trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride. Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS. | hydrochloride | adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| doxazosin mesylate | Cardura: Trade name in United States. | methanesulfonate salt | geroprotector |
| vatalanib | monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist | |
| mart-1 antigen | MART-1 Antigen: A melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of GP100 MELANOMA ANTIGEN, which is critical to the formation of Stage II MELANOSOMES. The protein is used as an antigen marker for MELANOMA cells. |