positive regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process. [GOC:obol]
Positive regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis is a crucial cellular process that ensures the production of phosphatidylcholine (PC), a key component of cell membranes. PC is essential for maintaining membrane integrity, fluidity, and signaling. This process is tightly regulated to meet the dynamic needs of the cell.
The biosynthesis of PC primarily occurs through two pathways: the CDP-choline pathway and the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).
**CDP-choline pathway:**
- This pathway starts with the phosphorylation of choline to phosphocholine by choline kinase.
- Phosphocholine then reacts with CTP (cytidine triphosphate) to form CDP-choline, catalyzed by CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase.
- CDP-choline then reacts with diacylglycerol (DAG), a product of phospholipid hydrolysis, to form phosphatidylcholine, catalyzed by phosphatidylcholine synthase.
**Methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine:**
- PE can be converted to PC by a series of three methylation steps, catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).
- Each methylation step requires S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as a methyl donor.
**Regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis:**
- **Transcriptional regulation:** The expression levels of genes involved in PC biosynthesis, such as choline kinase and PEMT, are regulated by transcription factors that respond to cellular signals.
- **Substrate availability:** The availability of choline, the precursor of PC, is important for regulating PC biosynthesis.
- **Enzyme activity:** The activities of key enzymes in PC biosynthesis, such as CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase and PEMT, are regulated by factors such as phosphorylation and substrate availability.
- **Feedback regulation:** PC itself can negatively regulate its own biosynthesis through feedback mechanisms.
**Positive regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis:**
- **Increased demand for PC:** The cell increases PC biosynthesis in response to increased demand for membrane lipids, such as during cell growth and division.
- **Signaling pathways:** Various signaling pathways, such as those involving growth factors and hormones, can positively regulate PC biosynthesis by activating the expression of genes involved in the process.
- **Environmental cues:** External stimuli, such as changes in temperature or nutrient availability, can also trigger an increase in PC biosynthesis.
The positive regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis is essential for maintaining cellular function and ensuring the proper assembly and maintenance of cell membranes. This process is tightly regulated to ensure that PC production meets the dynamic needs of the cell.'"
Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Calpain-2 catalytic subunit | A calpain-2 catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P17655] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (6)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| celecoxib | organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug | |
| rofecoxib | butenolide; sulfone | analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug | |
| benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde | benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative. | amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide | proteasome inhibitor |
| benzyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-fluormethylketone | cathepsin B inhibitor : A cysteine protease inhibitor which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1). | ||
| ca 074 | |||
| calpain inhibitor iii | calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug |