Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), also known as Gro-beta, is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant and activator that plays a critical role in the inflammatory response. Its production is tightly regulated to ensure appropriate recruitment of neutrophils to sites of infection or tissue injury.
**Regulation of CXCL2 Production:**
**1. Transcriptional Regulation:**
* **Transcription factors:** CXCL2 gene expression is primarily regulated by transcription factors like NF-κB, AP-1, STAT1, and STAT3. These factors are activated by various stimuli, including pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), bacterial products (LPS), and growth factors (EGF, PDGF).
* **Cytokines:** Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) are major inducers of CXCL2 expression. These cytokines activate signal transduction pathways that lead to the activation of transcription factors.
**2. Post-transcriptional Regulation:**
* **mRNA stability:** CXCL2 mRNA stability is regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). Certain miRNAs, such as miR-155 and miR-125b, have been shown to downregulate CXCL2 expression by targeting its mRNA.
**3. Post-translational Regulation:**
* **Proteolytic processing:** CXCL2 is synthesized as a precursor protein that undergoes proteolytic processing to generate the mature, active chemokine.
* **Glycosylation:** CXCL2 can undergo glycosylation, which may affect its stability and activity.
**4. Cellular Context and Tissue Specificity:**
* **Cell type:** CXCL2 production varies significantly depending on the cell type. Neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells are major sources of CXCL2.
* **Tissue-specific regulation:** The regulation of CXCL2 expression can be influenced by tissue-specific factors, such as local microenvironment and the presence of specific receptors.
**5. Feedback Mechanisms:**
* **Autocrine and paracrine loops:** CXCL2 can act in an autocrine manner, stimulating its own production by the same cell, and in a paracrine manner, influencing the behavior of neighboring cells.
* **Negative feedback mechanisms:** CXCL2 itself can induce the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, which can negatively regulate CXCL2 expression.
**Deregulation of CXCL2 Production:**
* **Inflammatory diseases:** Overproduction of CXCL2 is implicated in various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and atherosclerosis.
* **Cancer:** CXCL2 can promote tumor growth and metastasis by recruiting and activating neutrophils.
**In summary, the production of CXCL2 is a complex and tightly regulated process involving multiple levels of control, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulation. Disruption of this delicate balance can contribute to the development of various inflammatory and cancer-related disorders.'
"
Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 | A proteinase-activated receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P55085] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
triptolide | diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound | antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite | |
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide | seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide: a proteinase-activated receptor-2-activating peptide; SL-NH2 is NOT Ser-Leu-NH2 here | ||
2-furoyl-ligrlo-amide | 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide: a potent and selective proteinase-activated receptor 2 agonist | ||
AZ3451 | benzimidazoles; benzodioxoles; nitrile; organobromine compound; secondary carboxamide | anti-inflammatory agent; autophagy inducer; PAR2 negative allosteric modulator |