regulation of glutamate metabolic process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate metabolic process. [GOC:sl]
Regulation of glutamate metabolic process is a complex and tightly controlled process that is essential for maintaining normal brain function. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and plays a critical role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Dysregulation of glutamate metabolism has been implicated in a wide range of neurological disorders, including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
The regulation of glutamate metabolism involves a number of different mechanisms, including:
* **Synthesis:** Glutamate is synthesized from glutamine by the enzyme glutaminase. The activity of glutaminase is regulated by a number of factors, including the concentration of glutamine, the availability of cofactors, and the phosphorylation state of the enzyme.
* **Release:** Glutamate is released from presynaptic neurons in response to neuronal activity. The release of glutamate is regulated by a number of factors, including the concentration of calcium ions, the activity of SNARE proteins, and the presence of presynaptic receptors.
* **Reuptake:** After release, glutamate is rapidly removed from the synaptic cleft by high-affinity glutamate transporters. These transporters are located on both neurons and astrocytes and play a critical role in maintaining normal glutamate homeostasis.
* **Metabolism:** Glutamate can be metabolized by a number of different enzymes, including glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, and transaminases. These enzymes convert glutamate into other metabolites, such as alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamine, and GABA.
The regulation of glutamate metabolism is influenced by a number of factors, including:
* **Nutritional state:** The availability of essential amino acids, such as glutamine and glutamate, can affect the rate of glutamate synthesis and metabolism.
* **Hormonal regulation:** Hormones, such as insulin and growth hormone, can influence the activity of enzymes involved in glutamate metabolism.
* **Neurotransmitter activity:** Neurotransmitters, such as GABA and dopamine, can modulate the activity of glutamate transporters and enzymes.
* **Stress:** Stress can lead to increased levels of glutamate release and altered glutamate metabolism.
Disruptions in the regulation of glutamate metabolism can have significant consequences for brain function. For example, excessive glutamate release can lead to excitotoxicity, which can damage neurons and contribute to neurological disorders. Conversely, reduced glutamate levels can impair synaptic plasticity and cognitive function.
The regulation of glutamate metabolism is a complex and dynamic process that is essential for normal brain function. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the regulation of glutamate metabolism is critical for developing new therapies for neurological disorders.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Cystine/glutamate transporter | A cystine/glutamate transporter that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9UPY5] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (9)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| mesalamine | mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position. Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed) | amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| sulfapyridine | sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position. Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases. | pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide; sulfonamide antibiotic | antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| sulfasalazine | sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907) | ||
| cysteine | cysteine; cysteine zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flour treatment agent; human metabolite | |
| quisqualic acid | Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis. | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid | |
| serine o-sulfate | L-serine O-sulfate : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is the O-sulfo derivative of L-serine. serine O-sulfate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer | L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-sulfoamino acid | |
| homocysteic acid | homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid. homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration. | homocysteic acid | NMDA receptor agonist |
| susalimod | susalimod: analogue of sulphasalazine, was designed for use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| erastin | erastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer. erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source | aromatic ether; diether; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; quinazolines; tertiary carboxamide | antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer; voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor |