response to formaldehyde
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a formaldehyde stimulus. [GO_REF:0000071, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:9149109]
Formaldehyde is a highly reactive molecule that can damage cellular components, including DNA, proteins, and lipids. This damage can lead to cell death or mutations, which can contribute to cancer. To protect against the toxic effects of formaldehyde, cells have evolved a complex network of defense mechanisms, including detoxification, repair, and apoptosis.
**Detoxification**
Formaldehyde is detoxified by the enzyme **formaldehyde dehydrogenase** (FDH), which converts it to formate, a less toxic compound. FDH is found in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells, and its expression is induced by exposure to formaldehyde.
**Repair**
Formaldehyde can damage DNA by cross-linking purine bases, leading to mutations. These mutations can be repaired by **DNA repair enzymes**, such as **base excision repair** (BER) and **nucleotide excision repair** (NER).
**Apoptosis**
If the damage caused by formaldehyde is too extensive, cells may undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis, to prevent the spread of damaged cells. Apoptosis is triggered by various signaling pathways, including the **p53 pathway** and the **caspase cascade**.
**Other mechanisms**
In addition to these core mechanisms, cells may employ other strategies to cope with formaldehyde exposure. These include:
* **Induction of antioxidant enzymes:** Formaldehyde can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cells. Antioxidant enzymes, such as **glutathione peroxidase** and **catalase**, help to neutralize ROS and protect cells from oxidative stress.
* **Activation of transcription factors:** Formaldehyde can activate transcription factors, such as **NF-κB**, which control the expression of genes involved in inflammation and immune responses.
* **Changes in cell cycle:** Formaldehyde can disrupt the cell cycle, leading to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis.
The specific mechanisms involved in the response to formaldehyde vary depending on the cell type, the concentration of formaldehyde, and the duration of exposure. However, all cells have evolved complex mechanisms to protect themselves from the toxic effects of this ubiquitous molecule.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 | An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q00987] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (19)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| catechol | catechols | allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite | |
| gossypol | Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer. | ||
| quinone | 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene. benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included). | 1,4-benzoquinones | cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| vorinostat | vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME. | dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor |
| apomorphine | Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. | aporphine alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug |
| cytarabine | beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent | |
| nutlin 3 | stilbenoid | ||
| nutlin 2 | |||
| nutlin 1 | nutlin 1: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source | ||
| nutlin-3a | nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source | stilbenoid | |
| MI-63 | MI-63 : An azaspiro compound resulting from the formal fusion of position 3 of 6-chloro-oxindole with position 3 of (2R,3SS5S)-3-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-N-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide. It is a potent inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 interaction. | azaspiro compound; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; oxindoles; pyrrolidines; secondary carboxamide | apoptosis inducer |
| nutlin-3b | Nutlin; piperazinone | anticoronaviral agent | |
| pb 12 | |||
| spautin-1 | |||
| nvp-cgm097 | NVP-CGM097: an MDM2 and HDM2 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| rg7388 | RG7388: structure in first source | ||
| sar405838 | SAR405838: an inhibitor of the interaction of MDM2 and p53; has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source | ||
| rg7112 | |||
| amg 232 |