positive regulation of oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:10225962]
Positive regulation of oxidative phosphorylation is a complex biological process that controls the rate of ATP production in mitochondria. This process involves a series of tightly regulated steps that ensure the efficient conversion of nutrients into energy. Here is a detailed description:
1. **Substrate Supply:** The process begins with the delivery of substrates, primarily pyruvate from glycolysis and fatty acids from beta-oxidation, into the mitochondrial matrix.
2. **Electron Transport Chain (ETC):** The ETC, embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, plays a central role. Electrons from NADH and FADH2, generated during substrate oxidation, are passed down a series of electron carriers. This electron flow drives the pumping of protons (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.
3. **Proton Motive Force:** The proton gradient, also known as the proton motive force, stores energy that is used to drive ATP synthesis.
4. **ATP Synthase:** ATP synthase, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, utilizes the proton gradient to catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
5. **Regulation:** Several factors regulate oxidative phosphorylation:
- **Substrate Availability:** The availability of substrates like pyruvate and fatty acids directly influences the rate of ATP production.
- **Oxygen Concentration:** Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the ETC. Low oxygen levels can inhibit oxidative phosphorylation.
- **ADP Levels:** The concentration of ADP, the substrate for ATP synthesis, directly impacts ATP production. High ADP levels stimulate oxidative phosphorylation.
- **Calcium Signaling:** Calcium ions play a crucial role in regulating the activity of key enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase and ATP synthase.
- **Hormonal Control:** Hormones like insulin and glucagon can indirectly influence oxidative phosphorylation by regulating substrate availability and metabolic pathways.
6. **Cellular Energy Demand:** The rate of oxidative phosphorylation is tightly coupled to the cell's energy demand. When ATP levels are low, oxidative phosphorylation is stimulated to meet the increased energy requirements.
In summary, positive regulation of oxidative phosphorylation ensures that ATP production is tightly controlled and responsive to the cell's energy needs. This intricate process is essential for maintaining cellular function and supporting life. '
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase | A transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P55072] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (6)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| clotrimazole | conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes | antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic | |
| Methylenedioxycinnamic acid | hydroxycinnamic acid | ||
| 3,4-methylenedioxy-beta-nitrostyrene | 3,4-methylenedioxy-beta-nitrostyrene: tyrosine kinase inhibitor that prevents platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa activation; structure in first source | ||
| 4-(4-(4-chloro-phenyl)thiazol-2-ylamino)phenol | substituted aniline | ||
| ML240 | ML240 : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline which is substituted at positions 2, 5 and 8 by 2-amino-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl, benzylnitrilo and methoxy groups, respectively. It is a ATP-competetive inhibitor of AAA ATPase p97, also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP). | aromatic amine; aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; primary amino compound; quinazolines; secondary amino compound | antineoplastic agent |
| ganciclovir | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antiinfective agent; antiviral drug |