positive regulation of mitotic cytokinetic process

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinetic process. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, GOC:vw]

Positive regulation of mitotic cytokinetic process refers to the control and enhancement of the cellular mechanisms that drive the division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis) during mitosis. This process is essential for the proper formation of two daughter cells with equal genetic material and cellular components. The following steps outline the key events involved in positive regulation of mitotic cytokinesis:

1. **Microtubule and Actin Dynamics:**
- During late anaphase, microtubules from the mitotic spindle poles begin to depolymerize, creating a central spindle that spans the dividing cell.
- Simultaneously, actin filaments assemble at the cell equator, forming a contractile ring.
- The central spindle provides structural support and signaling cues for the contractile ring formation.

2. **Contractile Ring Formation and Contraction:**
- The contractile ring, composed of actin filaments and associated proteins (e.g., myosin II), constricts at the cell equator.
- Myosin II motor proteins interact with actin filaments, generating the contractile force that pulls the plasma membrane inwards.

3. **Membrane Invagination and Cleavage Furrow Formation:**
- As the contractile ring constricts, it pulls the plasma membrane inwards, creating a cleavage furrow.
- The cleavage furrow deepens progressively, eventually dividing the cell into two daughter cells.

4. **Cytokinesis Completion and Daughter Cell Separation:**
- The contractile ring continues to constrict until the cleavage furrow completely bisects the cell.
- The final separation of the daughter cells occurs when the plasma membrane at the cleavage furrow fuses.

5. **Regulation by Signaling Pathways:**
- The process of cytokinesis is tightly regulated by various signaling pathways, including:
- Rho GTPases (e.g., RhoA): These proteins activate downstream effectors that promote actin polymerization and myosin II activation.
- Aurora B kinase: This kinase is involved in the assembly and stability of the central spindle and the contractile ring.
- Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1): Plk1 regulates microtubule dynamics and the recruitment of cytokinesis proteins to the cleavage furrow.

6. **Coordination with Mitosis:**
- Cytokinesis is tightly coordinated with the other stages of mitosis.
- For example, the completion of chromosome segregation and the formation of the central spindle are crucial for the initiation of cytokinesis.

7. **Aberrant Cytokinesis:**
- Errors in cytokinesis can lead to various cellular abnormalities, including:
- Aneuploidy: An abnormal number of chromosomes in cells.
- Multinucleation: Cells with multiple nuclei.
- Cell death: Cells may undergo programmed cell death if cytokinesis fails.

In summary, positive regulation of mitotic cytokinesis is a complex and tightly regulated process involving microtubule and actin dynamics, contractile ring formation, membrane invagination, and signaling pathways. It ensures the faithful segregation of genetic material and cellular components during cell division, maintaining cellular integrity and organismal development.'
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