cyclic-GMP-AMP transmembrane import across plasma membrane

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The directed movement of cyclic-GMP-AMP from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [PMID:31126740]

Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) is a second messenger molecule that plays a crucial role in the innate immune response. It is synthesized by cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase) in response to the presence of cytosolic DNA, which can be derived from viruses or other pathogens. Once produced, cGAMP must be transported across the plasma membrane to activate STING (stimulator of interferon genes), which is a transmembrane protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum. This activation triggers the production of type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) and other inflammatory cytokines, leading to the establishment of an antiviral state.

The process of cGAMP transmembrane import is not fully understood, but several factors are known to play a role. First, cGAMP must be recognized and bound by a specific transporter protein. Several candidates have been proposed, including the solute carrier family 22 (SLC22) proteins, but the exact identity of the cGAMP transporter remains to be confirmed. Second, the transport of cGAMP across the plasma membrane likely involves a process of active transport, meaning that energy is required to move the molecule against its concentration gradient. This energy may be provided by the hydrolysis of ATP, which is the primary energy currency of cells. Third, the transport of cGAMP may be regulated by other cellular processes, such as the presence of specific lipids or the activity of signaling pathways.

Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanism of cGAMP transmembrane import. Understanding this process is essential for developing new antiviral therapies that target the cGAS-STING pathway and for understanding the role of this pathway in other diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune disorders.'
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (4)