response to oxygen-glucose deprivation

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the deprivation of oxygen and glucose. [GOC:sl, PMID:21525936]

Response to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) is a complex cellular process that occurs when cells are deprived of both oxygen and glucose. This condition mimics the ischemic environment experienced during stroke, heart attack, or other conditions where blood flow is compromised. The lack of oxygen (hypoxia) and glucose (hypoglycemia) triggers a cascade of events that aim to protect cells from damage but ultimately lead to cell death if prolonged.

Here's a detailed breakdown of the biological events during OGD:

1. **Mitochondrial dysfunction:** The primary energy production center in the cell, the mitochondria, relies on oxygen and glucose to produce ATP, the cell's energy currency. During OGD, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation ceases, leading to ATP depletion and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

2. **Metabolic shifts:** Cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, attempting to generate some ATP through glycolysis. However, this process is less efficient and produces lactic acid as a byproduct, leading to intracellular acidification.

3. **Calcium influx:** Deprivation of oxygen and glucose disrupts ion gradients across cell membranes. Calcium ions, normally maintained at low levels within the cell, flood in, causing calcium overload. This activates a multitude of intracellular signaling pathways, some protective and others destructive.

4. **Activation of stress response pathways:** Cells activate several stress-responsive pathways like the unfolded protein response (UPR), heat shock response, and autophagy. These responses aim to protect cells by promoting protein folding, degrading damaged proteins, and removing cellular debris.

5. **Apoptosis and necrosis:** If OGD persists, cells undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) or necrosis (uncontrolled cell death). Apoptosis involves a cascade of caspase activation, leading to controlled cell dismantling, while necrosis is a more chaotic process involving cell swelling and membrane rupture.

6. **Inflammation:** The dying and dead cells release inflammatory mediators, attracting immune cells to the site of injury. While this inflammatory response helps clear cellular debris, it can also contribute to tissue damage and further exacerbate the injury.

Overall, OGD is a multifaceted process with both protective and destructive elements. The cellular response to OGD is determined by the severity and duration of the deprivation, the cell type involved, and the individual's genetic background.'
```"

Proteins (1)

Compounds (14)