extracellular matrix assembly

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix. [GOC:jl]

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex, dynamic network of macromolecules that provides structural support, regulates cell behavior, and plays a crucial role in tissue development and function. The assembly of the ECM is a tightly regulated process involving a series of intricate molecular interactions.

**1. Synthesis and Secretion of ECM Components:**

* **Collagens:** These fibrous proteins are synthesized by fibroblasts and other cell types. Collagen molecules assemble into fibrils, providing tensile strength and structural integrity to the ECM.
* **Proteoglycans:** These molecules consist of a core protein attached to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), long polysaccharide chains that attract water, creating a hydrated gel-like environment.
* **Elastin:** This protein provides elasticity and resilience to the ECM, allowing tissues to stretch and recoil.
* **Adhesive glycoproteins:** These molecules, such as fibronectin and laminin, mediate cell-ECM interactions and provide a scaffold for cell adhesion and migration.

**2. Assembly of ECM Components:**

* **Collagen fibril assembly:** Collagen molecules self-assemble into fibrils through a process involving specific interactions between their triple-helical structures.
* **Proteoglycan aggregation:** Proteoglycans aggregate through interactions between their GAG chains and collagen fibrils, forming a complex network.
* **Elastin assembly:** Elastin monomers are cross-linked to form a mesh-like network, providing elasticity.
* **Adhesive glycoprotein interactions:** Adhesive glycoproteins interact with both cell receptors and ECM components, linking cells to the surrounding matrix.

**3. ECM Remodeling:**

* **ECM turnover:** The ECM is constantly remodeled through the degradation of old components and the synthesis of new ones. This process is regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes that break down ECM components.
* **ECM organization:** The ECM is organized into distinct structures, such as basement membranes and interstitial matrices, depending on the tissue type and function.

**4. Regulation of ECM Assembly:**

* **Growth factors:** Signaling molecules, such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), stimulate ECM synthesis and regulate its organization.
* **Cytokines:** These signaling molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), can promote ECM degradation and remodeling.
* **Mechanical forces:** Cells sense and respond to mechanical forces, influencing ECM assembly and organization.

**5. ECM Function:**

* **Structural support:** The ECM provides mechanical support and stability to tissues.
* **Cell adhesion and migration:** The ECM provides a scaffold for cell adhesion and migration, guiding cells to specific locations.
* **Tissue development and repair:** The ECM plays a crucial role in tissue development, repair, and regeneration.
* **Regulation of cell signaling:** The ECM can influence cell behavior by interacting with cell surface receptors and modulating signaling pathways.

The assembly and remodeling of the ECM are essential for maintaining tissue integrity, regulating cell behavior, and supporting diverse biological processes.'
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Proteins (2)

Compounds (2)