Page last updated: 2024-10-24

cellular response to diamide

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diamide (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyldiazene-1,2-dicarboxamide) stimulus. [GOC:mah]

Cellular response to diamide is a complex process involving multiple signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms. Diamide, a thiol-oxidizing agent, disrupts cellular redox homeostasis, leading to oxidative stress. This disruption triggers a cascade of events designed to restore redox balance and protect the cell from damage.

First, diamide oxidizes critical cysteine residues in proteins, leading to changes in their structure and function. These changes can affect a variety of cellular processes, including enzyme activity, protein folding, and signal transduction.

One key response to diamide exposure is the activation of antioxidant defense systems. Cells increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers, such as glutathione and catalase, to neutralize the damaging effects of diamide-induced oxidative stress. This response is mediated by signaling pathways involving transcription factors like Nrf2, which regulates the expression of antioxidant genes.

Simultaneously, cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to cope with the accumulation of misfolded proteins caused by diamide-induced oxidative stress. The UPR involves signaling pathways that trigger protein chaperones to refold misfolded proteins, and if repair fails, the process leads to the degradation of damaged proteins through autophagy.

Another important cellular response to diamide is the activation of DNA damage repair pathways. Diamide can induce DNA damage, and cells have mechanisms to detect and repair these lesions to maintain genomic integrity. These pathways involve DNA repair enzymes and signaling cascades that activate repair processes.

Furthermore, cells can activate apoptotic pathways as a last resort to eliminate severely damaged cells and prevent the spread of potentially harmful mutations. These pathways are tightly regulated and involve a series of molecular events that lead to programmed cell death.

The specific cellular response to diamide can vary depending on the cell type, the concentration of diamide, and other environmental factors. However, the core mechanisms involve restoring redox balance, protecting against oxidative damage, and repairing cellular components. By activating these protective mechanisms, cells strive to maintain homeostasis and survive in the face of diamide-induced stress.'
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Proteins (1)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Heat shock factor protein 1A heat shock factor protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q00613]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (11)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
zm 336372N-(5-(3-dimethylaminobenzamido)-2-methylphenyl)-4-hydroxybenzamide: an inhibitor of c-Raf; activates Raf-1; structure in first sourcebenzamides
celastrolmonocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
metabolite
quercetin7-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
chir-265aromatic ether
az-628AZ-628: a multikinase inhibitor; structure in first sourcebenzamides
GDC-0879indanes;
ketoxime;
primary alcohol;
pyrazoles;
pyridines
antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
plx4032aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide
antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
dabrafenib1,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
organofluorine compound;
sulfonamide
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
tak-632TAK-632 : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 1,3-benzothiazole substituted by (cyclopropanecarbonyl)amino, 4-fluoro-3-{2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetamido}phenoxy, and cyano groups at positions 2, 6 and 7, respectively. It is a potent pan-RAF inhibitor with IC50 of 1.4, 2.4 and 8.3 nM for CRAF, BRAF(V600E), BRAF(WT), respectively.(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
cyclopropylcarboxamide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-Raf inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
necroptosis inhibitor
dinaciclibpyrazolopyrimidine
n2-(1h-indazole-5-yl)-n6-methyl-3-nitropyridine-2,6-diamineKRIBB11 : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole substituted by a [6-(methylamino)-3-nitropyridin-2-yl]amino group at position 5. It is an inhibitor of heat shock factor 1 (IC50 = 1.2muM) and suppresses tumour growth in mouse xenograft models.

N2-(1H-indazole-5-yl)-N6-methyl-3-nitropyridine-2,6-diamine: a heat shock factor 1 antagonist; structure in first source