positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of fungus
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a fungal cell by a neutrophil. [GOC:add, GOC:mah]
Positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of fungus is a complex biological process that involves a coordinated series of events, ultimately leading to the elimination of fungal pathogens. Here's a detailed description:
1. **Recognition of fungal pathogens:** Neutrophils, the primary effector cells of innate immunity, recognize fungal pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on their surface. These PRRs can bind to various fungal components, such as β-glucan, chitin, and mannan, which are characteristic of fungal cell walls.
2. **Activation and signaling:** Upon binding to fungal components, PRRs activate downstream signaling pathways, leading to the production of various cytokines and chemokines. These signaling molecules amplify the immune response, attracting more neutrophils to the site of infection and promoting their activation.
3. **Degranulation and release of cytotoxic molecules:** Activated neutrophils release a potent arsenal of cytotoxic molecules stored in their granules, targeting the fungal pathogen. These molecules include:
* **Reactive oxygen species (ROS):** Neutrophils generate a burst of ROS, such as superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, which are highly toxic to fungal cells and disrupt their cellular processes.
* **Antimicrobial peptides:** Defensins, cathelicidins, and other antimicrobial peptides directly attack and damage fungal cell membranes, leading to cell death.
* **Enzymes:** Enzymes like elastase, myeloperoxidase, and proteinases degrade fungal cell walls and other structural components.
4. **Phagocytosis and intracellular killing:** Neutrophils engulf fungal cells through phagocytosis. This internalization is followed by the release of ROS, enzymes, and antimicrobial peptides within the phagosome, further destroying the fungal pathogen.
5. **Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs):** In some cases, neutrophils undergo a process called NETosis, where they release their DNA and associated antimicrobial molecules to form a web-like structure called a neutrophil extracellular trap (NET). This web effectively traps and kills the fungal pathogen, acting as a physical barrier against its spread.
6. **Interaction with other immune cells:** Neutrophils also communicate with other immune cells, like macrophages and lymphocytes, to coordinate the immune response. This interaction helps to amplify the killing of fungal pathogens and promote the development of adaptive immunity.
The interplay of these processes ensures the effective elimination of fungal pathogens and the maintenance of host defense. Positive regulation of neutrophil-mediated killing of fungus involves various mechanisms that enhance these processes, including the upregulation of PRRs, enhanced production of cytokines and chemokines, and improved efficiency of degranulation, phagocytosis, and NETosis. This intricate process is crucial for protecting the host from fungal infections.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Arginase-1 | An arginase-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P05089] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (6)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2-aminoimidazole | 2-aminoimidazole: from catabolism of arginine | ||
| n(omega)-hydroxyarginine | N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine : An N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine in which the double bond has Z-configuration. N(omega)-hydroxyarginine: can cause vasorelaxation of bovine intrapulmonary artery; structure given in first source | amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-[(E)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[(hydroxyamino)(imino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine; N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine | |
| Nomega-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine | L-alpha-amino acid | ||
| 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene | 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5. | catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| (S)-2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid | (S)-2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid : L-Norleucine substituted at C-6 with a borono group. | non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organoboron compound | |
| 2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid |