positive regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:BHF, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]

Positive regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response is a complex biological process that plays a crucial role in the body's defense against invading pathogens. The respiratory burst, also known as the oxidative burst, is a rapid increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by immune cells, particularly neutrophils and macrophages. These ROS, including superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite, have potent antimicrobial properties.

The inflammatory response is a multi-step process initiated by the recognition of pathogens or tissue damage by immune cells. This recognition triggers the activation of signaling pathways within these cells, leading to the assembly of NADPH oxidase, an enzyme complex responsible for ROS production.

Here's a detailed breakdown of the key steps involved in positive regulation of respiratory burst:

1. **Recognition of Pathogens or Tissue Damage:** Immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These patterns are specific to pathogens or damaged tissues, respectively.

2. **Signaling Pathway Activation:** Upon recognition of PAMPs or DAMPs, PRRs initiate intracellular signaling cascades. These cascades involve a series of protein interactions and modifications, ultimately leading to the activation of transcription factors like NF-κB.

3. **Transcription Factor Activation:** Activated transcription factors, such as NF-κB, move into the nucleus and bind to specific DNA sequences, promoting the transcription of genes encoding NADPH oxidase subunits.

4. **NADPH Oxidase Assembly:** The newly synthesized NADPH oxidase subunits assemble at the cell membrane, forming a functional enzyme complex.

5. **ROS Production:** The assembled NADPH oxidase uses NADPH as an electron donor to reduce oxygen into superoxide anions. This process consumes oxygen and produces ROS.

6. **Antimicrobial Activity:** The generated ROS have potent antimicrobial properties. Superoxide anions can directly damage bacterial membranes, while hydrogen peroxide can react with halide ions to generate hypochlorite, a strong oxidant that can kill bacteria.

7. **Inflammation:** The inflammatory response is triggered by the release of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, produced by immune cells during the respiratory burst. These mediators attract other immune cells to the site of infection or injury, contributing to the clearance of pathogens and the repair of damaged tissues.

In summary, positive regulation of respiratory burst is a tightly controlled process involving a cascade of events that culminates in the production of ROS, playing a critical role in the host's defense against infection and inflammation. It is essential for maintaining homeostasis and combating pathogens but also plays a role in various inflammatory diseases when dysregulated.'
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