positive regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity. [GOC:dgh]
The positive regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway is a crucial biological process that governs cellular responses to retinoic acid (RA), a potent morphogen involved in embryonic development, cell differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. This complex pathway is tightly regulated at multiple levels, ensuring appropriate and precise activation of target genes in response to RA.
The process begins with the binding of RA to its cognate receptors, retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. RA binding induces a conformational change in the RAR/RXR heterodimer, promoting its interaction with specific DNA sequences known as retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) located in the regulatory regions of target genes.
This interaction leads to the recruitment of coactivator proteins, such as the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family members, which possess histone acetyltransferase activity. These coactivators modify chromatin structure, making the target gene more accessible to the transcriptional machinery.
Concurrently, RA signaling activates signaling cascades involving kinases and phosphatases, leading to the phosphorylation of transcription factors and other proteins involved in gene regulation. These phosphorylation events can enhance the transcriptional activity of RAR/RXR heterodimers or influence the recruitment of other coactivators.
The downstream effects of positive regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway are diverse and depend on the specific target genes activated. These effects include:
* **Cell growth and proliferation:** RA signaling can stimulate or inhibit cell proliferation, depending on the cell type and context.
* **Cell differentiation:** RA plays a key role in guiding cell differentiation programs during development, promoting the commitment of stem cells to specific lineages.
* **Apoptosis:** RA signaling can induce apoptosis, a programmed cell death process, in certain cell types.
* **Immune response:** RA signaling modulates immune responses by regulating the differentiation and function of immune cells.
Overall, the positive regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway is a finely tuned and multi-layered process that ensures precise control of cellular responses to RA. Dysregulation of this pathway has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, developmental defects, and immune disorders. Understanding the intricate mechanisms of this pathway is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat these diseases.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| C-terminal-binding protein 2 | A C-terminal-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P56545] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (8)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3-phenylpropionic acid | 3-phenylpropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group. 3-phenylpropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid | antifungal agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid | 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from L-methionine via the action of methionine transaminase. | omega-(methylthio)-2-oxocarboxylic acid | |
| phenylpyruvic acid | keto-phenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in the phenylalanine pathway. phenylpyruvate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from deprotonation of the carboxy group of either keto- or enol-phenylpyruvic acid. phenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid | chromogenic compound; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite |
| pyruvic acid | pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis. Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed) | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid | cofactor; fundamental metabolite |
| 1-phenyl-2-propanone | 1-phenyl-2-propanone: analog of propiophenone where carbonyl group is on the 2 carbon atom instead of the 1 carbon atom of the side chain phenylacetone : A propanone that is propan-2-one substituted by a phenyl group at position 1. | methyl ketone; propanones | |
| oxanilic acid | oxanilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | ||
| phenylglyoxylic acid | phenylglyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is glyoxylic acid in which the aldehyde hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. phenylglyoxylic acid: styrene metabolite | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid | biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite |
| 2-benzylmalonate |