axial mesoderm development

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. [GOC:dgh]

Axial mesoderm development is a fundamental process in vertebrate embryogenesis, giving rise to crucial structures along the body axis, including the notochord, somites, and the axial skeleton. This process begins with the formation of the primitive streak during gastrulation, where a group of cells, called the epiblast, migrate through the streak and differentiate into mesoderm. The axial mesoderm emerges from the most anterior portion of the primitive streak and is characterized by its expression of specific signaling molecules.
The notochord is the primary axial structure that forms from the axial mesoderm. Its formation begins with the differentiation of a specialized group of cells called the notochordal plate, which invaginates and detaches from the endoderm to form a hollow tube. The notochord plays a crucial role in patterning the neural tube, defining the body axis, and providing mechanical support.
Simultaneously, the paraxial mesoderm, located lateral to the notochord, undergoes a series of segmentation events, giving rise to somites. Somites are paired blocks of mesoderm that form along the anteroposterior axis. Each somite further differentiates into three distinct regions: the sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome. The sclerotome gives rise to the vertebral column, the myotome contributes to the skeletal muscles, and the dermatome forms the dermis of the skin.
The development of the axial mesoderm is tightly regulated by complex signaling pathways. Wnt, BMP, and Shh signaling pathways play essential roles in specifying the different cell fates within the axial mesoderm. For example, Wnt signaling is crucial for notochord induction, while BMP signaling regulates the differentiation of the paraxial mesoderm.
In summary, axial mesoderm development is a dynamic and intricate process that involves the coordinated action of multiple signaling pathways and cell fate decisions. This process ultimately gives rise to the notochord, somites, and other essential structures that define the body axis and form the basis for subsequent organogenesis.'
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