Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a regulatory non-coding RNA molecule. [GOC:jl]
Regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play crucial roles in various biological processes, and their proper function relies on precise 3'-end processing. This process involves a series of steps that ensure the generation of mature, functional ncRNAs.
1. **Transcription initiation and elongation**: The process begins with the transcription of the ncRNA gene by RNA polymerase II. This generates a primary transcript, also known as a pre-ncRNA, which contains the coding sequence for the mature ncRNA.
2. **3'-end processing signal recognition**: The pre-ncRNA contains specific sequence motifs that serve as signals for 3'-end processing. These signals are recognized by specific protein factors, including polyadenylation factors and cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF).
3. **Cleavage**: Once the 3'-end processing signals are recognized, the pre-ncRNA is cleaved at a specific site downstream of the signal. This cleavage event is catalyzed by a multi-protein complex called the cleavage polyadenylation factor (CPF).
4. **Polyadenylation**: Following cleavage, the 3'-end of the ncRNA is modified by the addition of a poly(A) tail. This tail consists of a string of adenine nucleotides, typically ranging from 50 to 250 residues. Polyadenylation is catalyzed by poly(A) polymerase (PAP).
5. **Maturation**: The polyadenylated ncRNA undergoes further processing steps, including splicing and modifications, to generate the mature, functional ncRNA.
6. **Export and translation**: The mature ncRNA is then exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it can interact with its target molecules to regulate gene expression or other cellular processes.
The 3'-end processing of ncRNAs is a highly regulated process, and defects in this process can lead to various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders. Understanding the intricate mechanisms of ncRNA 3'-end processing is crucial for elucidating their roles in cellular function and developing therapeutic strategies for related diseases.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Ribonuclease T | A ribonuclease T that is encoded in the genome of Escherichia coli K-12. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P30014] | Escherichia coli K-12 |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| citric acid, anhydrous | citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. | tricarboxylic acid | antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite |
| aurintricarboxylic acid | aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'. Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues. | monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid | fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist |
| dithionitrobenzoic acid | dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups. Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate. | nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide | indicator |
| 7-nitro-1h-indole-2-carboxylic acid | 7-nitro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid: acts on AP endonuclease, 3'-phosphodiesterase, and 3'-phosphatase activities of APE1; structure in first source |