detection of diacyl bacterial lipopeptide

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The series of events in which a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Diacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of two acyl groups. [GOC:add, PMID:12077222, PMID:12524386, PMID:2757794]

The detection of diacyl bacterial lipopeptides, crucial for immune recognition of bacteria, involves a complex interplay of cellular components and signaling pathways. The process begins with the interaction of the lipopeptide with specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on the surface of immune cells, predominantly TLR2. TLR2, in conjunction with TLR1 or TLR6, forms heterodimers that bind to specific motifs within the lipopeptide structure. This recognition triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling events, initiating the innate immune response.

Upon binding, TLR2 recruits adaptor proteins such as MyD88 (Myeloid differentiation factor 88) to the receptor complex. MyD88 facilitates the activation of downstream signaling kinases, including IRAK (IL-1 receptor-associated kinase) and TRAF6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6). IRAK and TRAF6 form a complex that activates the transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B).

NF-κB, once activated, translocates to the nucleus and stimulates the transcription of a plethora of pro-inflammatory genes, including those encoding cytokines like TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha), IL-1β (interleukin-1 beta), and IL-6 (interleukin-6). These cytokines orchestrate a robust inflammatory response, attracting immune cells to the site of infection and promoting the elimination of bacteria.

The diacyl lipopeptide recognition process also activates MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) signaling pathways, further amplifying the inflammatory response. MAPKs, including ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), and p38, regulate a wide array of cellular functions, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis.

Overall, the detection of diacyl bacterial lipopeptides by TLR2 triggers a complex signaling cascade that culminates in the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways. This response is essential for the recognition and elimination of bacterial pathogens, ensuring the maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Proteins (1)

Compounds (2)