terpene metabolic process
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons that are made up of isoprene (C5H8) units which may be cyclic, acyclic or multicyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and may contain various functional groups. [GOC:curators]
Terpene biosynthesis is a complex metabolic pathway that involves the production of terpenes, a diverse class of organic compounds found in plants, animals, and fungi. Terpenes are derived from the five-carbon isoprene unit, which is assembled into various linear and cyclic structures.
The process begins with the conversion of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) into geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), the precursor for monoterpenes. GPP is further modified through a series of enzymatic reactions, including isomerizations, cyclizations, and oxidations, to generate a wide array of monoterpenes, such as limonene, menthol, and pinene.
Sesquiterpenes, with 15 carbon atoms, are derived from the condensation of GPP and IPP to form farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). FPP can be further processed into various sesquiterpenes, including humulene, bisabolol, and patchouli alcohol.
Diterpenes, with 20 carbon atoms, are synthesized from the condensation of FPP and IPP, yielding geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). GGPP is the precursor for diterpenes like phytol, abietic acid, and taxol.
Higher-order terpenes, including triterpenes, tetraterpenes, and polyterpenes, are synthesized through similar processes involving the elongation of GGPP or other terpene precursors.
The biosynthesis of terpenes is influenced by various factors, including the plant's genotype, environmental conditions, and developmental stage. The enzymes involved in terpene biosynthesis are highly specific and have been extensively studied, providing insights into the regulation and diversity of this important metabolic pathway.
Terpenes play crucial roles in plant defense, attracting pollinators, and providing medicinal properties. They also contribute to the flavors, aromas, and colors of fruits, vegetables, and other plant products.
Terpene biosynthesis is a dynamic and fascinating process that has significant biological and economic implications. It represents a key aspect of plant metabolism and contributes to the diversity and complexity of the natural world.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase | A tyrosine 3-monooxygenase that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P07101] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (3)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| n-n-propylnorapomorphine | aporphine alkaloid | ||
| monoiodotyrosine | 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent. Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine. | amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 11-hydroxy-n-(n-propyl)noraporphine hydrochloride, (r)-isomer |