vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vascular smooth muscle cell. [GOC:sl, PMID:16151017, PMID:18267954]
Vascular associated smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation is a complex process that involves the coordinated action of multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors. It begins with the commitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to a VSMC lineage. This commitment is influenced by various factors, including growth factors, cytokines, and mechanical stimuli. Once committed, the cells undergo a series of changes, including:
* **Expression of VSMC-specific markers:** VSMCs express a unique set of proteins, including smooth muscle α-actin, myosin heavy chain, calponin, and smoothelin, which are essential for their contractile function. These proteins are upregulated during differentiation, leading to the development of the characteristic contractile phenotype of VSMCs.
* **Acquisition of contractile function:** VSMCs are responsible for regulating blood pressure and blood flow by contracting and relaxing the walls of blood vessels. During differentiation, they acquire the ability to respond to various stimuli, such as vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, by changing their contractile state.
* **Formation of the vascular wall:** VSMCs are the primary component of the tunica media, the middle layer of blood vessels. They assemble into a layered structure, forming a scaffold that provides structural support and elasticity to blood vessels.
The molecular mechanisms underlying VSMC differentiation involve the activation of various signaling pathways, including the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway, the Wnt pathway, and the Notch pathway. These pathways regulate the expression of key transcription factors, such as myocardin, serum response factor (SRF), and GATA6, which control the expression of VSMC-specific genes.
In addition to these signaling pathways, epigenetic modifications, such as histone acetylation and DNA methylation, also play crucial roles in VSMC differentiation. These modifications influence the accessibility of DNA to transcription factors, thereby regulating gene expression.
The differentiation of VSMCs is essential for the development and function of the cardiovascular system. Dysregulation of this process can contribute to various cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and vascular remodeling.'
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Proteins (1)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Apelin receptor | An apelin receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P35414] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (3)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4-oxo-6-((pyrimidin-2-ylthio)methyl)-4h-pyran-3-yl 4-nitrobenzoate | 4-oxo-6-((pyrimidin-2-ylthio)methyl)-4H-pyran-3-yl 4-nitrobenzoate: structure in first source | nitrobenzoic acid | |
| apelin-13 peptide | apelin-13 : A 13 amino acid oligopeptide which is the ligand for the apelin receptor (also known as the APJ receptor). It exhibits hypotensive and neuroprotective effects, and may be a potential prognostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis. apelin-13 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source | oligopeptide | antihypertensive agent; autophagy inhibitor; biomarker; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent |
| p-Glu-Arg-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ser-His-Lys-Gly-Pro-Met-Pro-Phe | p-Glu-Arg-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ser-His-Lys-Gly-Pro-Met-Pro-Phe : A thirteen-membered polypeptide consisting of p-Glu, Arg, Pro, Arg, Leu, Ser, His, Lys, Gly, Pro, Met, Pro and Phe residues joined in sequence. | polypeptide | apoptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent |