lactate transmembrane transport
Definition
Target type: biologicalprocess
The process in which lactate is transported across a membrane. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices. [GOC:mcc, ISBN:0198506732]
Lactate transmembrane transport is a crucial process in cellular metabolism, facilitating the movement of lactate across cell membranes. Lactate, a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis, is produced in tissues with high metabolic activity, such as skeletal muscle during intense exercise. To maintain energy production and prevent lactate accumulation, cells utilize specific membrane proteins to transport lactate across the cell membrane. These transport proteins include monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), a family of integral membrane proteins that exhibit facilitated diffusion, allowing lactate to move down its concentration gradient. MCTs are expressed in various tissues, including muscle, brain, heart, and red blood cells, and play a significant role in lactate shuttling between different tissues. The movement of lactate across the membrane is facilitated by the binding of lactate to the MCT protein. Once lactate binds, a conformational change occurs in the MCT protein, enabling the transport of lactate across the membrane. This process is influenced by factors such as the concentration gradient of lactate, pH, and the presence of other substrates. The direction of lactate transport can be either into or out of the cell, depending on the concentration gradient and the metabolic needs of the cell. For instance, during strenuous exercise, lactate produced in muscle cells is transported into the bloodstream via MCTs, where it can be taken up by other tissues like the liver for gluconeogenesis or by the heart for energy production. Conversely, in tissues with low metabolic activity, lactate can be transported into cells via MCTs to be utilized as an energy source. Overall, lactate transmembrane transport is a vital process that ensures the efficient removal of lactate from cells, its distribution to other tissues, and its potential utilization as an energy source. This process plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and energy balance.'
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Proteins (2)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Monocarboxylate transporter 2 | A monocarboxylate transporter 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O60669] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Monocarboxylate transporter 4 | A monocarboxylate transporter 4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O15427] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (18)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| alpha-ketoisovalerate | 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of isovaleric acid. alpha-ketoisovalerate: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid | human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| alpha-ketobutyric acid | 2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid. alpha-ketobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; short-chain fatty acid | |
| 2-keto-4-methylvalerate | 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease. alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid | algal metabolite; human metabolite |
| acetoacetic acid | acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent. | 3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body | metabolite |
| pyruvic acid | pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis. Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed) | 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid | cofactor; fundamental metabolite |
| 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine | 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively. | 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine | |
| 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid | 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist | nitrobenzoic acid | |
| phloretin | dihydrochalcones | antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite | |
| syrosingopine | syrosingopine: was heading 1963-94; SYRINGOPINE was see SYROSINGOPINE 1977-94; use RESERPINE to search SYROSINGOPINE 1966-94 | yohimban alkaloid | |
| 3-chloropropionic acid | 3-chloropropionic acid: structure | ||
| 2-hydroxybutyric acid | 2-hydroxybutyric acid : A hydroxybutyric acid having a single hydroxyl group located at position 2; urinary secretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid is increased with alcohol ingestion or vigorous physical exercise and is associated with lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis in humans and diabetes in animals. 2-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation hydroxybutyric acid : Any compound comprising a butyric acid core carrying at least one hydroxy substituent. | 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid | algal metabolite; human metabolite |
| d-lactic acid | (R)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration. | 2-hydroxypropanoic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite |
| 3-hydroxybutyric acid | (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid : The R-enantiomer of 3-hydroxybutyric acid. Involved in the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, it can be used as an energy source by the brain during hypoglycaemia, and for the synthesis of biodegradable plastics. It is a sex pheremone in the European spider Linyphia triangularis. | 3-hydroxybutyric acid; ketone body | fungal metabolite; human metabolite; pheromone |
| (S)-3-hydroxybutyric acid | (S)-3-hydroxybutyric acid : The S-enantiomer of 3-hydroxybutyric acid; a normal human metabolite, that has been found elevated in geriatric patients remitting from depression. | 3-hydroxybutyric acid | |
| coumarin 343 | coumarin 343: structure in first source | 7-aminocoumarins | fluorochrome |
| 7-diethylaminocoumarin-3-carboxylic acid | |||
| alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid | alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid : A monohydroxycinnamic acid that is 4-hydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydrogen alpha- to the carboxy group is replaced by a cyano group. It is used as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of peptides and oligonucleotides. | monohydroxycinnamic acid; nitrile; phenols | MALDI matrix material |
| sodium lactate | sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion. Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer. | lactate salt; organic sodium salt | food acidity regulator; food preservative |